780 E N G I 
pointed ftations without the hazard of a conflict. En. 
couraged by this fuccefs, the emperor refolved to invert 
Land fee y ; and the hereditary pririce of Orange was in- 
trurted witli the direftion of the fiege. This gallant 
prince afi'aulted an entrenched camp with vigour and fuc- 
cefs ; and, during the fiege, lieutenant-general Otto, with 
Britifh and Auftrian troops, totally routed a confiderable 
body of the French near Cambray. The two covering 
armies were afterwards attacked, April 26, with great im- 
petuofity. The villages in the duke of York’s front were 
quickly taken ; but Otto, with the right wing, charged 
the enemy in the flank and rear, and did great execution. 
The left wing alfo triumphed ; and the Auftrian army 
met with equal fuccefs./ General Clairfait, however, was 
defeated at Moucron ; but the furrender of Landrecy 
compenfated that difafter. Near Tournay a gallant aftion 
took place, to the difadvantage of the French ; and, though 
they obtained a victory over Clairfait near Courtray, they 
were routed by general Kaunitz.near Mons. But in ano¬ 
ther battle near Tournay, May 17, they fo effedtually pro¬ 
fited by their f'uperiority of numbers, that the allies were 
defeated with great lofs, and the duke of York efcaped 
with extreme difficulty. In a fubfequent conflict, victory 
was long doubtful ; but it ultimately devolved to the 
confederates, who killed or wounded above ten thoufand 
of the French republican army. 
The moft memorable engagement of this campaign in 
the Netherlands, was that of Fleurus. The importance 
of the befieged town of Charleroi induced the prince of 
Saxe-Cobourg, June 26, to rifk a battle for its relief, as he 
did not know that the garrifon had already furrendered. 
Fie attacked the army of Jourdan near Goffelies, and met 
with filch fuccefs as flattered him with the hope of 
triumph. Thrice were the French driven back to their 
entrenchments with great (laughter ; but Jourdan, (who 
had recently obtained confiderable advantages near Arlon 
and Trafegnies,) again renewed the contell with alacrity 
and vigour; and, being well fupported with frefti fupplies 
of'men, he overpowered his adverfaries after a conflict of 
fifteen hours. About ten thoufand of the allies were 
killed or wounded ; and the reft fled with precipitation. 
The Englifh army had no fhare in this difaftrous col 1 i- 
fion, or in thofe actions which, for four fucceflive days, 
thinned the ranks of Clairfait and Moreau, near Yores. 
The retreat of the Auftrians, and the redudfion of that 
town by the French, conftrained the duke of York to re¬ 
move from Tournay, which, with Oudenarde and Ghent, 
quickly admitted the French yoke. Oftend was evacuat¬ 
ed by the Britifli garrifon, and Mons by the Auftrians 
under prince Cobourg; who, being again defeated by 
Jourdan, left Bruflels to the vidlorious enemy. The duke 
of York, now reinforced by the earl of Moira with a fmall 
army from England, made a fhow of defence at Mechlin ; 
but he was foon'obliged to retire toward the Dutch fron¬ 
tiers. The defeat of Clairfait near Louvain put the French 
in pofieflion of that city. Nieuport was reduced by a vi¬ 
gorous fiege : Namur and Antwerp were taken with lels 
difficulty : the conqueft of the bifhopric of Liege fol¬ 
lowed this fignal fuccefs in the Low Countries ; and the 
United Provinces were now threatened with the terror ot 
becoming the theatre of the war. 
Mean time the feuds and animofities of the newly-con- 
ftituted powers at Paris ran high. The jealous and tyran¬ 
nical Robefpierre, anxious for the maintenance of his own 
authority, watched the condudt of all parties, harafled all 
Who murmured, and wreaked his vengeance on all who 
oppofed him. Sufpedting Hebert, and other chiefs of the 
Cordelier club, of aiming at political pre-eminence, he 
accufed them of being traitors to the republic, and fub- 
jedled them to the new-fangled inftrument of decapita¬ 
tion, the guillotine. Fie coolly ordered the arreft of many 
«f his former affociates, and fac.rificed them without re- 
ijiorfe to his fears and his ambition. Executions were wan- 
tonly multiplied ; and even the lifter of Louis XVI. one of 
the moft refpedtable and virtuous women of her age, was 
A N D. 
deprived of life by the atrocious cruelty"of the defpot. 
The fervile fubmiflion of the legiflative body to the ty¬ 
ranny of this monfter, and the paflive fubfet-viency of an 
oppreffed community, aftonifhed and difgufted foreign na. 
tions: but the difgraceful yoke was at length lhaken off. 
Such continued inhumanities excited a general horror, 
and, by rendering life precarious and infecure, alarmed 
all ranks throughout the republic, except the lowed: of 
the populace. Some fpirited members of the convention, 
among whom were Tallien, Barras, and Freron, refolved 
to fubdue the tyrant, or die in the attempt. They roufed 
the aflembly againft him by a detail of his enormities, 
and procured a decree for his arreft. Henriot, the com¬ 
mandant of the Parifian guard, prepared to.crufh the 
party that oppofed his patron ; but a vote of outlawry 
confounded even the armed force, and the exertions of 
the friends of the convention fecured the public tranquil¬ 
lity. Tn a fit of defpair, he who had deltroyed fo many 
of his fellow-creatures attempted to difpatch himfelf; 
but he failed in his efforts, and was beheaded with his 
principal adherents, July 28, 1794, amidft the exultations 
of the fpedlators.—See the article France. 
The outrageous inhumanity of Robefpierre had ex¬ 
torted a decree from the convention, for the murder of 
all the Britifli and Hanoverian foldiers who fhould fall 
into the hands of the French : but the troops were not fo 
bafe as to comply with this order. After the conqueft of 
all the Auftrian low countries, except Luxembourg, the 
French eafily recovered Le Quefnoy, and the three other 
towns which had been taken by the confederated army; 
and they found in thofe place very confiderable fupplies. 
The Prufiians did not adf with much vigour in this 
campaign ; nor were they wholly inadtive. They forced 
the entrenchments at Kaiferflautern, but' they and the 
Auftrians were defeated at Tripftadt, and other ports. 
The city of Treves was now taken by the republicans; 
and, after they had repeatedly triumphed over the gene¬ 
rals Latour and Clairfait, they reduced the greater part 
of the country between the Maes and the Rhine. Againft 
their Spanifli foes the French were alfo eminently fuccefs- 
ful. They routed a far fuperior number near St. Jean de 
Luz ; and, after another vidtory, took Fontarabia and St. 
Sebaftian. They met with fuccefs in a fkirmifh at Al- 
berdes, obtained a more important advantage at Colioure, 
and defeated an army which oppofed them at Bellegarde. 
They routed the enemy near Mouga, where Dugommier, 
their victorious general, was flain ; and, having ftormed 
the formidable works near Figueres, they took poflellion 
of various towns, and filled the whole country with con- 
fternation. Good fortune alfo attended the French arms 
in Italy. They reduced Oneglia, forced the Col deTende, 
and fubdued feveral diftridts in the fouthern parts of Pied¬ 
mont. The defenfive ftrength of Mont Cenis ferved only 
to inflame their ardour: they'ftormed the well-fortified 
ports of that difficult pafs; and, having defeated their 
opponents in other parts of the country, they looked for¬ 
ward to more important vidtories. 
The Englifh in the Mediterranean were now employed 
in the redudtion of Corfica. An armament under lord 
Hood attacked the town and forts of Baftia, after the ac- 
quifition of San Fiorenzo: the feamen and foldiers co¬ 
operated with emulous zeal; and the place was taken 
with fmall lofs. General Paoli having exerted his influ¬ 
ence over his countrymen, they voted, in a regular aflem- 
bly, June 14, 1794, that the fovereignty of the ifland 
fhould be transferred to the king of Great Britain. Sir 
Gilbert Elliot, in the royal name, accepted the offer, with 
an engagement for the maintainance of that conftitution 
which was then framed by the national reprefentatives. 
TheJtrongtown of Calvi was ftill poflefled by the French: 
but it was at length reduced by Britifh valour. But 
the fuccefs of the Englifh fleet in the Atlantic, excited 
(Longer emotions of joy than the addition of Corfica to 
the dependencies of Great Britain. Earl Howe was muf¬ 
fing olf the coaft of Bretagne, when he was informed that 
the 
