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Raufen ; and fome fpirited aftions put tliat prince in pof- 
felfion of Zurich. Italy again became the fcene of re¬ 
markable events. In the preceding winter, the French 
had unjuftly deprived the king of Sardinia of Piedmont, 
and formed a republic of that principality ; and, as the 
king of Naples, influenced by the Britifh court, had at¬ 
tacked their troops in the Roman ftate, they ruflied into 
his dominions, took Capua, and, after a great daughter of 
his fubjefts, feized his capital. In the fpring, they in¬ 
vaded Tufcany, and depofed its fovereign for pretended 
adts of perfidy. Bur their progrefs in the Veronefe was 
checked by general Kray, who refcued Verona from their 
power, defeated them near Magnan, conliderably thinned 
their ranks, and haralfed them feverely by his adfivity 
and vigilance. 
The Ruffians, alfo, under Suwarrow, joined by an Au- 
flrian army, ftormed the pods near the Adda, and obtained 
an important vidtory over Moreau; and, April 27, 17^9, 
entered Milan in triumph. Having weakened his force 
by fending oft' numerous bodies upon different enterprifes, 
the Ruffian commander encouraged the French to attack 
him in the Modenefe ; but he prevailed againft them in 
an obftinate conflict, June 19, deftroying many thou rands 
of the French troops. Turin, Aleffandria, and Mantua, 
were reduced by the confederates, who alfo fignalized 
their courage with vidtorious effedt in the battle of Novi. 
Aflifted by Britifh feamen, the Neapolitans adted with 
unufual alertncfs againft their republican oppreffors. Cap¬ 
tain Troubridge reduced fort St. Elmo, took Naples and 
other towns, and afterwards contributed to a counter-re¬ 
volution in the Roman ftate. A fimilar change was ef- 
fedted in Tufcany by the fpirit of an exafperated people. 
Suwarrow, after his great fuccefs in Italy, directed his 
courfe toward the Swifs territories. Maflena, who had 
defeated an army of the allies near Zurich, encountered 
the Ruffian general without difmay, and impeded his ad¬ 
vance. He alfo checked the career of Korfakoff, and 
fecured the afcendancy of the French in Swifferland. 
While thefc incidents occurred in Europe, a new war 
broke out in India. It was of very fhort duration ; but 
its progrefs and refillt were important. On the departure 
of that fleet which was deftined for Egypt, the commif- 
fioners for the affairs of India, apprehending that the com¬ 
pany’s fettlements were endangered by the armament, 
fent out fhips of war and troops for the defence of thofe 
pofleffions. The governor-general, the earl of Morning- 
ton, afterwards marquis of Wellefley, who fucceeded fir 
John Shore, had already made difuofitions for counter¬ 
acting the views of Tippoo, as the fultan had received a 
fnv.ll force from the Mauritius, and expedled a greater 
aid for an attack of the Englifh, againft whom the imme¬ 
diate lioftilities of Zeman Shah, king of Ca dahar, were 
likewife urgently folicited. Even after the fplendid fuc¬ 
cefs on the Egyptian coaft, the earl did not fuft'er the leaft 
abatement of the fpirit of military or naval preparation ; 
and, his repeated offers of negociation being evaded by 
Tippoo, he gave orders for the march of the troops, and 
fent intelligence to the commander of the king’s fhips on 
the coaft of Malabar, and to the allies of the company, 
that he confidered the Br : ilh government in India as 
being at war with that of My'fore. The fultan now gave 
a reludtant alfent to the ad million of an envoy ; but this 
was deemed an artifice for the purpofe of gaining time, 
as it was known that he had recently difpatched ambaffa- 
dors to the executive directory of France, to fupplicate 
their aid. 
About eighteen thoufand effedtive men, of whom above 
twelve thoufand were natives of India, advanced from 
the coaft of Coromandel under the command of general 
Harris; and, being joined by the troops of the nizarn, re¬ 
duced fome ill-defended forts on the frontiers of Myfore. 
Tippoo, in the mean time, attacked at Sidafir a brigade 
of the army which had been put in motion by the gover¬ 
nor of Bombay, and of which lieutenant-general James 
Stuart had the command. The great fuperiority of the 
LAND. 791 
affailants, in point of number, did not enfure to them the 
victory which they expected to obtain. They were routed 
on the 6th of March, 1799, with a lofs which very far ex¬ 
ceeded that of fir James, whole fuccefs entitled him to 
high praife. 
The fultan now haftened to meet the grand army, and 
encountered the right wing near Malavelli. The en¬ 
gagement, which was not very fanguinary, ended in the 
defeat of the Myforians. When general Harris approach¬ 
ed Seringapatam, another conflict favourable to his army 
occurred. He then commenced the (iege of that town ; 
and the Bombay force zealoully promoted the fuccefs of 
the enterprife. Tippoo had not taken proper meafures. 
for obftrudting the march of his enemies, or intercepting 
their fuppliesof provifion ; and, during the fiege, he did 
not adt in the mod: judicious manner for the defence of 
the town or the fupport of his belt interefts. The be- 
liegers profited by his inattention, and carried on their 
operations with vigor and. alacrity. As foon as a breach 
was perceived, arrangements were made for an alfault. 
The battalions advanced in the heat of the day, May 4, 
‘when the befieged were leaft prepared for oppofition ; 
and, having palled the Caveri, approached the rampart. 
Sergeant Graham led the forlorn hope with an animated 
countenance ; but, while he was fixing the colour-ftatf on 
the breach, he was. (hot through the head. The alarm 
having roufed the fultan, he haftened along the rampart, 
and found his men purified by the grenadiers who had 
rulhed through the breach. He endeavoured to rally the 
fugitives ; and the intruders were checked for a time ; 
but their impetuofity fubdued the fpirit of refiftance. 
Retiring to the gate of the inner fort, the harafled prince 
received feveral wounds ; and, in aiming a blow at a fol- 
dier who was feizing his fword-belt, he was killed by a 
ball which ftruck him in the temple. When the oppofi¬ 
tion of the garrifon had ceafed, the victorious officers 
eagerly repreffed the violence of their men. In a town 
abounding with wealth, defultory adfs of depredation 
could not be prevented ; but the ricIres of the palace 
were referved for regular diltribution. 
A quadruple divifion of the conquered country now 
took place. The territories of the company were con- 
fiderably augmented ; the nizarn and the Mahraitas ob¬ 
tained additional parts of Tippoo’s dominions ; and the 
remaining portion was given to a prince of that family 
which had loll its power by Hyder’s ufurpation. This 
extraordinary fuccefs fixed the Britifh power in the Eaft 
on a firm balis, and gave it a decifive fway over the 
princes of India. See the article Hindoostan. 
Before the report of this rapid conqueft reached Great 
Britain, an expedition was planned for the refeue of the 
United Provinces from French tyranny. After a long 
courfe of preparation, a defeent was made, Aug lift 27, 
1799, 011 tl' e coaft of North-Holland. A body of feven 
thoufand men, French and Dutch, encountered the Eng- 
lift), who with difficulty gained the advantage. Above 
one thoufand of the enemy were killed or wounded, and 
of the Britilh about 450. It was the intention of lir 
Ralph Abercrombie to attack the Fielder fort the next 
morning; but it was evacuated in tiie night, and he 
found in it a confiderable train of artillery. A naval ma¬ 
gazine was alfo abandoned; and thirteen (hips of war,. 
befides three Indiamen, were taken without refiftance. 
Vice-admiral Mitchell then made judicious arrangements 
for entering the harbour of the Texel ; and the approach 
of the velfels which he feledted for that fervice aftonilhed 
the Hollanders. Having fummoned the commander of 
the Dutch fleet to hoift the flag of the prince of Orange, 
and accept the friend (hip of Great Britain, he received 
an anfwer from rear admiral Story, pro mi ling to deliver 
up his fquadron, as the men refufed to fight. The fhips 
were twelve in number, and eight of them mounted from 
fifty-four to feventy-four guns. 
For feveral days the invading army had no otherihelter 
than could be obtained by digging trenches in the land ; 
but 
