ENG. 
of men, he confined the enemy within the walls of Genoa. 
In the blockade of that city a Britifh fquadron affided ; 
and the want of provifions reduced the defenders to mod 
fevere difficulties. Sicknefs became fo prevalent, and 
hunger fo urgent, that Malfena was at length obliged to 
fue for the indulgence of an unmoleded retreat. 
As it was the earned wifh of Bonaparte to drike a de- 
ciftve blow in Italy, he fent forward a confiderable army 
under Berthier, to prepare the way for his own perfonal 
operations. Penetrating into Piedmont over the mountain 
of St. Bernard, the French drove their alarmed adver- 
faries before them ; and, advancing into the Milanefe, 
fpeedily re-took fome of the chief towns. At Cadeggio, 
they met with important fuccefs ; but their mod fignal 
triumph was on June 14, at Marengo. Here the vigour 
of the Audrianr feemed long to ptomife viftory to their 
efforts. They turned the wings of the French, and forced 
the centre to fall back ; and Melas even flattered himfelf 
with the hope of cutting off the retreat of the difordered 
troops. But, when the chief conful, who was in the heat 
of aftion, alrnofl defpaired of fuccefs, the celebrated 
Defaix appeared with a corps de referve, and changed 
the fortune of the day. A new line was formed; the 
Audrians were checked in their career; and, though they 
dill exhibited marks of obdinate courage, they were at 
length totally routed. About nine thoufand of their num¬ 
ber were killed, wounded, or made prifoners, but not 
without the lofs of many lives on the part of the conque¬ 
rors. This defeat ruined the hopes of the emperor. It 
was followed by a propofal from the vanquifhed general 
for an armiflice, which he purchafed by the reditution 
of Genoa, and the furrender of the citadels of Milan, 
Turin, Tartona, and other fortreffes. 
The French alfo afted with fimilar vigour in Germany. 
Moreau engaged general Kray at Mofkirch; but a Bava¬ 
rian force, fubfldifed by Great Britain, contributed to 
prevent the republicans from being completely victorious 
on this occadon. Several other obdinate battles took 
place, with confiderable lofs on both tides; and, after the 
victory of Oberhaufen, the French took poffeffion of Mu¬ 
nich, and other Bavarian towns; but their progrcfs was 
arreded by a truce. The emperor confented to a nego¬ 
tiation, July 28, which produced preliminaries founded 
on the treaty of Campo Formio. 
The hodilities of the Engliffi during the year 1800, 
were Chiefly connected with the maritime fervice. A 
defcent being made on the coad of Bretagne, the forts of 
Quiberon were dedroyed ; and other debarkations were 
injurious to the French. From the Dutch the African 
jde of Goree was taken, as was alfo the American ifland 
of Curayoa, And after a very long blockade, in which 
the Portuguefe affided, the French were compelled to 
relinquilh Malta, on September 5, to the great joy and 
reputation of the Britilh court. Ferrol was for fome 
time threatened by a Britidi armament; but, though the 
invaders gained the neighbouring heights by repelling 
the Spaniards, they had no encouragement to attack the 
place. Cadiz was likewife menaced, and was faved by 
the fame improbability of fuccefs, added to the rifque of 
being infefted with a contagious difeafe, then prevailing 
among the garrifon and the inhabitants. 
On the clofe of the campaign of the year 1800, the 
emperor of Ruffia withdrew his arms from the confede¬ 
racy. Not content with this manifedation of his defer- 
tion of the common caufe, he expreffed drong refentment 
againd England, complaining of her maritime encroach¬ 
ments ; and he flopped all the Britidi veffels in his ports, 
before the difpute refpefting Malta gave him even a pre- 
fence for difpleafure. He, however, removed the em¬ 
bargo ; blit again renewed it, on the idle allegation of the 
detention of Malta, to which he claimed a right, in con- 
fequence of the a (Fumed authority of grand mader of 
the order of knights of St. John of Jerufalem. He even 
fent the feamen into confinement, and haraffed them with 
arbitrary rigour. To the Daniffi court, and alfo to that 
Vol. VI. No. 392. 
a A N D. 7 <J 3 
of Sweden, he propofed a renewal of thofe engagements 
of armed neutrality which the emprefs Catharine had 
framed during the American war ; and a convention to 
that edeft was figned at Peterfburg, December 1 6, 1800. 
Refenting this ungenerous conduct, the Btitifli court fub- 
jefted Ruffian, Danidi, and Swedifh (hips, to an embargo, 
January 14, i§oi, and prepared for vigorous hodilities. 
While this dorm impended over Great Britain from 
the north, her Andrian ally was perfuaded to renounce 
the late preliminaries, and again renew the war. But the 
fignal defeat of the Andrian army at Hohenlinden by the 
(kill of Moreau, the fuccefs of Augerean in Franconia, 
and the progrefs of the republicans in Italy, induced the 
emperor to fue for peace ; and, being releafed from the 
obligation of treating in concert with Britain, he autho- 
rifed count Cobentzel to fign a treaty at Luneville. By 
this treaty, he confirmed the ceffioh of the Belgic pro¬ 
vinces to the French : he alfo ceded to them the county 
of Falkendein, the Frichtal, and all the Audrian terri¬ 
tory on the left bank of the Rhine between Zurzach and 
Bade; and engaged to give up the Brifgaw to the duke 
of Modena. He confented to the renunciation of Tuf- 
cany by the grand duke, who was to be fucceeded by the 
heir of the duchy of Parma, and was to be indemnified 
by German grants. He fanftioned the agreement of the 
deputies of the empire, who had affented, in thecongrefs 
at Radadt, to the French demand of the permanent pof¬ 
feffion of the countries fituated on the left bank of the 
Rhine, from the point where it leaves the Helvetic terri¬ 
tory to the fpot where it enters the Batavian confines. 
Therepublic waved all pretenfions to the right bank of 
that river, and promifed to redore the fortreffes of Duf- 
feldorff, Ehrenbreitdein, Philipfburg, Caffel, and Old 
Brifach, on condition of their remaining in the fame date 
in which they fhould be found at the time of their evacu¬ 
ation ; and it was alfo agreed, that the former affignment 
of Venetian territories to the emperordiould be edablidied. 
In this date of affairs the parliament affembled, Fe¬ 
bruary 2, 1801. Addreffing the two houfes, the king 
obferved, that, at a crifis fo important to the intereds of 
his people, he derived great fatisfaftion from being ena¬ 
bled, for the fird time, to avail himfelf of the advice and 
affidance of the united parliament." “ This memorable 
era, (he faid,) didinguiflied by the accomplifhment of a 
meafure calculated to augment and confolidate the drength 
and refources of the empire, and to cement more clofely 
the intereds and affections of my fubjefts, will, I trud, 
be equally marked by that vigour, energy, and firmnefs, 
which the circumdances of our prefent fituation peculi¬ 
arly require.” 
The mod remarkable debate in this meeting of the 
parliament, related to the cafe, of the Irifli catholics, 
whofe claims, after the completion of the aft of union, 
formed a particular fubjeft of difcuffion in the cabinet. 
Mr. Pitt and lord Grenville reprefented-an acquiefcence 
in the widies of thofe feftaries as neceffary for the perfeft 
confolidation of the intereds of the united kingdom, and 
affirmed, that, as no danger could arife from it, policy 
required the conceffion. Several of the privy council 
expreffed oppofite fentiments ; and his majedy took a de¬ 
cided part in the difpute, alleging that the oath taken by 
him at his coronation precluded his affent to a fcheme 
which might, in its confequences, endanger the religious 
edablidiment. As this repugnance obdrufted the recom¬ 
mendation of the meafure to the parliament, and dinti- 
nifhed the probability of its fuccefs, Mr. Pitt declared 
that he conceived himfelf bound by his duty, his con- 
fcience, and his honour, to refign that fituation in which 
he was not at full liberty to purfue his ideas of equity 
and public benefit. His reflgnation was accepted, as was 
alfo that of lord Grenville ; and earl Spencer, at the 
fame time, relinquidied all concern in the adairs of the 
admiralty. 
After fome deliberation, his majedy felefted Mr. Ad¬ 
dington for the office of his fird minider. That gentle- 
9 man 
