794 ENGL 
man had long been an Intimate friend of Mr. Pitt, whofe 
influence had placed him in the chair of the houfe of 
commons, which he filled with high reputation. Lord 
Hawkefbury was feleCled for the vacancy occalioned by 
the refignation of lord Grenville ; and the earl of St. 
Vincent was made fuccetfor to earl Spencer, as firft lord 
of the admiralty. 
A febrile indifpofition with which the king was feized, 
retarded the public bufinefs. It was apprehended that 
a regency would be neceflary ; but the return of health, 
after an illnefs of three weeks, enabled his majefty to re¬ 
new his attention to affairs of flate. On the 17th of 
March he honoured Mr. Addington with a formal ap¬ 
pointment to the two offices which Mr. Pitt had fo long 
enjoyed ; fubftituted lord Hobart and Mr. Charles Yorke 
in lieu of Mr. Dundas and Mr. Wyndham, and deputed 
the earl of Hardwicke to Ireland as lord-lieutenant. 
The orders which the late miniftry had iffiued for vi¬ 
gorous operations againft the Danes and Swedes in the 
Weft Indies, were now carried into effeCl. Lieutenant- 
general Trigge and rear-admiral Duckworth failed from 
Antigua with a fmall fleet and about fifteen hundred fol- 
diers, and (leered to the Swedifh ifle of St. Bartholomew. 
The governor, having no means of effeClual defence, ac- 
quiefced in the demand of an immediate furrender. 
Leaving a garrifon in the chief town, the affociated com¬ 
manders would have proceeded without delay to the ifie 
ot St. Thomas; but the appearance of a reinforcement 
from England induced them to extend their views to the 
reduction of St. Martin, though an attempt upon this 
ifland was not included in the inflru&ions which they had 
received. One brigade landed in the Dutch quarter, 
and another in the French territory, March 24, 1801. The 
former, in approaching the heights near Fort Amfterdam, 
met with fome refiftance, but prevailed in every fkirmiffi. 
The enemy, having attacked one of the pofitions occu¬ 
pied by the Engliffi, a fpirited conflict enftied, which ter¬ 
minated in the defeat of the enemy; and a capitulation 
was figned the next morning. 
The Danifh iflands were the next objects of attack. 
The fleet failing to the weftward, the ifles of St. Thomas 
and St. John were taken without oppofition ; and St. 
Croix (or Santa Cruz) w r as added with facility to the 
Britifti conquefts. Some veffiels were found in the har¬ 
bours of thefe iflands ; but they were not large or valu¬ 
able. As it was not fuppofgd that thefe acquifitions 
would be durable, the fuccefs made little impreffion on 
the public. : but the expedition tended to prove the de¬ 
termination of the cabinet to maintain the naval authority 
ef Great Britain. 
This authority was further eftablifiled in a mod ho¬ 
nourable and glorious manner by the Britifti fleet, which 
was purfuing its courfe toward the Sound. The com¬ 
mandant of the caftle of Cronenburg having intimated 
that he would not fuller the Englifh firips to pafs, this 
anfwer to an application from fir Hyde Parker was confi- 
dered as a declaration of war, though the admiral affured 
the Dane that lie was ready to attend to any conciliatory 
propofals. The cannonade began from the fortrefs, but 
was not very injurious to the fleet, which foon reached 
the ifle of Huene. From this ftation fir Hyde reconnoitred 
the Danilh line of fliips, radeaux, pontoons, galleys, fire- 
fliips, and gun-boats. The approaches to Copenhagen 
were foitified with (kill ; batteries of cannon and mortars 
were ereCted on every part of the fhore where they were 
likely to be efficacious ; the Crown iflands and that of 
Amak were ftrengthened by a variety of works ; the 
mouth of the harbour was protected by a chain and by a 
fort built on piles ; and a line of ftiipping added to the 
natural ftrength of the place. The admiral, on the 2d 
of April, having ordered an attack from the fouthward, 
lord Nelfon advanced with twelve fail of the line, four 
frigates, fome (loops, fire-fiiips, and bomb-veffiels ; but, 
from tlie intricacy of the navigation, two of the largeft 
fliips ran aground, and another was obliged to call anchor 
A N D. 
far from her appointed ftation. Captain Murray, in the 
Edgar, led the van with great intrepidity. The Mo- 
narque fuftained the moft definitive fire ; and her com¬ 
mander, captain Mode, loft his life, with above fifty of 
his men. Captain Riou was alfo killed, while he was at¬ 
tacking the fliips at the entrance of the harbour. The 
battle raged for four hours, with great (laughter 011 both 
fides. The number of killed, on the part of the Englifh, 
exceeded 250; and on the lide of the Danes, above 500. 
Almoft 700 men in the Englifh fliips, and about 1500 of 
the Danes were wounded. Seventeen Danifh veffiels, 
floating batteries included, were funk, burned, or cap¬ 
tured. Immediately after the victory, lord Nelfon threat¬ 
ened to burn all the floating batteries which he had taken, 
without faving the prifoners who were on-board, if the 
enemy fliould continue the lead firing. This menace pro¬ 
duced a ceffiation of hoftilities : lord Nelfon landed, and 
conferred with the prince of Denmark ; and a convention 
was figned for a regular armiftice. 
The death of the Ruffian emperor Paul, haftened this 
agreement ; and, if that event had been known before 
the fanguinary conflict occurred, the Danes would pro¬ 
bably have fubmitted without a blow. His violent death 
feemed unlamented ; and his fon Alexander afcended the 
throne amidft the congratulations of his people. An ex¬ 
traordinary change followed this unexpected event. The 
new emperor difclaimed the politics of his predeceffior, 
and affiured the Britifti court of his pacific intentions. 
The court of Copenhagen relaxed in its zeal for the 
armed neutrality ; that of Stockholm breathed forbear¬ 
ance ; and the king of Pruffia, who had feized Hanover, 
affiumed a lefs imperious tone. At the requeft of Alex¬ 
ander, the Britifti admiral forbore to obftruCt the Ruffian 
or Swedifh trade and navigation. Lord St. Helen’s was 
lent to Peterfburgh to negociate; the refpeCtive em¬ 
bargoes were taken off; and the ftorm in the north fub- 
fided in April, giving place to the milder influence of the 
month of May. 
A convention was now adjufted, by the interference of 
Ruffia, between all the belligerent powers. By the third 
article of this agreement it was flipulated, that effeCls 
embarked in neutral, veffiels fliould be free, with the ex¬ 
ception of contraband (lores of war and the property of 
an enemy ; that the latter defignation Ihould not include 
the merchandife of the produce, growth, or manufacture, 
of the countries at war, acquired by the fubjeCts of the 
neutral (late, and tranfported on their account; that the 
commodities prohibited fliould be fuch only as were de¬ 
clared contraband by the treaty of commerce concluded 
between Great Britain and Ruffia in 1797 ; that a port 
fliould be confidered as under blockade, when the fliips 
of a belligerent power fliould be fo ftationed as to ren¬ 
der it evidently dangerous to enter ; that the neutral 
veffiels fliould not be flopped except upon ftrong grounds, 
and that the proceedings fliould be uniform, prompt, and 
legal. The next article provided, that the right of 
fearching mercantile veffiels failing under convoy of a 
fliip of war fhould only be exercifed by the fliips of the 
government, not by tliofe of private adventurers. Thus 
the chief points in difpute were fettled in favour of thofe 
modes which had been long adopted in the commercial 
intercourfe and connections with Great Britain. 
As the north of Europe had thus witneffied the triumph 
of the Britifti navy, fo did the fouth feel the effeCts of its 
thunder. Rear-admiral fir Janies Saurnarez was cruifing 
near Cadiz, when it was reported to him that three French 
fliips of the line and a frigate had been feen near Gibral¬ 
tar. He immediately directed his courfe to the entrance 
of the ftrait; and, finding that the fliips which he wiflied 
to engage had anchored in the bay of Algefiras, he lent 
the Venerable man of war to begin the attack. Rear- 
admiral Linois now drew his fliips in a clofer line, and 
warped them near the batteries which defended the bay; 
and a brilk fire was opened, on July 6, not only from the 
fliips, but alfo from the fortifications, and from a number 
