796 ENG 
tured the fettlement of Surinam, in Dutch Guiana. The 
enterprize was under the command of major-general fir 
Charles Green, aflifted by commodore Hood, who failed 
for this purpofe from Barbadoes on the 6th of April, and 
reached the mouth of the Surinam river on the 25th of the 
fame month. The number of troops amounted to about 
fifteen hundred, and the total of the enemy’s force aver¬ 
aged a number confiderably fuperior. The governor re¬ 
filled at firft to capitulate; but, from the aftiviry of the 
JBritifir troops, he at laft found himfelf compelled to fub- 
mit. The conteft, in the interim, was by no means blood- 
lefs. It commenced on the 29th of April, and confided 
of various Ikirmilhes, which continued till the 4th of 
May, on which day the enemy difpatched a flag of truce 
with propofals to furrender. The terms were honourable 
to both fides. The prifoners captured, including feamen, 
exclufive of the fluff and departments, amounted to 2100 ; 
the ftores confiderable and valuable. In November, 
1803, the ifland of St. Domingo became an independent 
black republic : the fhips and veffels, commanded by the 
French general Rochantbeau, were taken polfeflion of by 
the Britilh admiral Duckworth; and CapeTown and the 
forts were delivered up to the black general Deffalines; 
and the place is now reltored to its ancient name of Hayti. 
On the other hand, the French general Berthier feized 
upon the electorate of Hanover, on the 3th of June, and 
and laid it under heavy contributions. 
The renewal of the war occafioned Mr. Addington, in 
the ftimmer of 1S03, to revive the income-tax, but under 
a different form, and at a lower rate, than it had been laid 
during Mr. Pitt’s firft adminiftration. The next important 
meafure was the bill for the general defence of the nation, 
the intent of which was to embody the entire effective 
ftrength of the country ; but the laudable fpirit of the 
nation rendered it unneceffary to enforce the aft; for a 
body of men fully adequate to every purpofe of defence 
fpontaneoufly armed and clothed themfelves at their own 
expence, and thus nobly contributed once more to the 
fafety of their country. 
The rebellion again broke out in Ireland in July ; and 
might have been attended with very fatal confequences ; 
but that by fome fortunate accident the rifing was pre¬ 
mature, and the rebels did not aft in concert. Neverthe- 
lefs, a very worthy nobleman, lord Kilwarden, was cruelly 
murdered ; but the rebellion was foon quelled, and the 
diligence of the government afterwards brought moft of 
the ringleaders to public juftice. 
A Mahratta war broke out in India, in September, 
1803 ; but the rapid fucceflfes of generals Wellefley and 
Lake, brought about a peace in the month of December 
of the fame year. For the caufes and’ progrefs of that 
war, fee Hindoostan. 
At a moment when both king and people appeared 
well fatisfied with the perfons who were condufting the 
affairs of the government; at a moment when the prime 
minifler, Mr. Addington, feerned to poffefs the confidence 
and good-will of the country ; a party, or a co-operation 
of difeordant parties, fuddenly appeared, in the parliament 
only , and determined to impede the adminiftration of af¬ 
fairs, by enforcing a change in the miniftry. His majefty 
at length confented to a change ; Mr. Pitt became prime 
minifler for a fecond time on the 12th of May, 1804, and 
Mr. Addington retired, with the greateft honour to him¬ 
felf, untitled, and unpenfioned. 
The laft important meafure we have to notice in the 
politics of Europe, is the alfumption of the title of'Em- 
peror by Napoleon Bonaparte, firft conful of France. 
This new dignity was broached in April, and aftually took 
place on the 28th of May, 1804. The title and power is 
decreed to be inherited for ever by Bonaparte’s own male 
iflue ; or he may adopt the children or grand-children of 
his brothers, provided they have attained the age of eigh¬ 
teen years complete, and he himfelf have no children. 
In default of a natural and legitimate heir of the pre- 
fent emperor, or of an adopted heir, the empire will be 
LAND. 
transferred to Jofeph Bonaparte, and his defeendants; and 
in default of Jofeph Bonaparte and his defeendants, to 
Louis Bonaparte and his defeendants ; in cafe of failure 
of the heirs of Jofeph and Louis Bonaparte, the fenate is 
to appoint an emperor. The members of the imperial 
family, in the order of inheritance, are to bear the title of 
French princes. The eldeft fon of the emperor is To bear 
the title of imperial prince. The falic law is revived, and 
females are excluded from inheriting the crown, or from 
being regent in the cafe of the minority of an emperor. 
To many thinking people this meafure will appears 
change which adds to the odium of his government 
without ftrenthening the reputation of it; (ince repub! 
licans have now to choofe between the old hereditary 
fucceffion and that of the new. Thus ended the repub¬ 
lican form of government in France, after a duration of 
eleven years and a half. How this bold ufurpation of 
the rightful inheritance of the unfortunate royal family 
of France, will be received by the other confiderable 
powers of the civilized world—how it may afieft the 
conduft of the war, or accelerate the return of peace ; 
remain to be developed from the bofom of time ; and will 
be difeuffed under the article France, in our feventh 
volume, to which we fhall beg to refer the reader; and 
alfo to the article Great Britain. 
ANTIQUITIES, CURIOSITIES, and HISTORICAL 
EPOCHS. 
To trace back the antiquities of England, or to fix the 
era at which our refearches ought to begin, is a talk 
of no fmall labour and difficulty. That this beautiful 
ifland was inhabited many ages before it was noticed by 1 
Julius Caefar, and had been confequently the feene of 
many wars, revolutions, and other important events, 
there can be no reafonable doubt ; although the anti¬ 
quarian, in fuch remote enquiries, is often bewildered 
and milled by the fabulous and imperfeft accounts of 
thofe dark ages. 
The ancient monuments which are found in England, 
may be claffed in fix divifions. 1. Thofe belonging t® 
the primitive Celtic inhabitants. 2. Thofe of the Bel- 
gic colonies, which followed. 3. Thofe belonging t® 
the Romans. 4. Thofe eredfed by the Saxons. 5, 
Relics of the Danifii fovereignty. 6. Monuments oa 
ftruftures of Norman original. Few of thefe remains, ig 
mull be confelfed, throw much light upon hiftory ; but 
many of them, being interefting and curious in them¬ 
felves, deferve the attention of the Englifh traveller. 
Among the firft and fecond claffes we recognize the cu¬ 
rious ftrufture of Stone-henge, and all the other circular 
temples, rocking-ftones, barrows, cairns, cromlechs, &c» 
ufually, and perhaps very erroneoufly, attributed to th« 
Druids. See the article Druid, p. 88, of this volume. 
The Belgic relics were followed by thofe of the 
Romans, which are ftill numerous in different parts of 
England. Amphitheatres are Laid to be ftill difcernible 
at Silchefter, in Hampftiire, and lome other places. The 
Roman caftie at Richborough, the ancient Rutupise in 
Kent, prefents confiderable remains of a maffy wall, ce¬ 
mented with furprifing firmnefs. Thefe Roman ruins are 
commonly compofed of ftone or flint, with ftrata of flat 
bricks at confiderable intervals. Themofaic pavements, 
hypocaufts, &c. are generally the remains of the villas of 
opulent Roman families, fcattered over the country. The 
greateft number of Roman inferiptions, altars, &c. has 
been found in the north, along the great frontier wall, 
which extended from the weftern fea, to the eftuary of 
Tyne. This vaft wall is juftly efteemed the moft impor¬ 
tant remain of Roman antiquity in England, as that of 
Antoninus is in Scotland. The extent of the former was 
about feventy miles ; of the latter about thirty.feven, as 
deferibed under the article Antoninus, vol. i. p. 781. 
Numerous are the more minute relics of the Roman power 
in England, as coins, gems, weapons, ornaments, &c. 
One of the grand caufes of the civilization introduced 
