ENG 
by that people into the conquered dates, was the high¬ 
ways, which form, indeed, the fil'd germ of national in- 
dnflry, and without which neither commerce nor fociety 
could ever make any confiderable progrefs. Confcious 
of this truth, the Romans feem to have lent particular 
attention to the confirmation of roads in the didant pro¬ 
vinces ; and thofe of England, which may dill be traced 
in various ramifications, prefent a lading monument of 
thejudice of their conceptions, the extent of their views, 
and the utility of their power. A grand trunk, as it may 
be called, palfed from the fouth to the north, and another 
to the wed, with branches in almod every direction that 
general convenience and expedition could require. What 
is called the Watling-dreet, led from Richborough, in 
Kent, the ancient Rutupias, north-wed through London to 
Cheder. The Ermin-dreet pafled from London to Lin¬ 
coln, thence to Carlide, and into Scotland, the name being 
fuppofed to be corrupted from Herman, which means 
warrior, as the chief wars lay in the north. The Foffe- 
way is fuppofed to have led from Bath and the wedern re¬ 
gions, north-ead, till it joined the Ermin-dreet. The lad 
celebrated road was the Ikenild, or Ikeneld, fuppofed to 
have extended from near Norwich, fouth-wefi, into Hamp- 
diire and Dorfetdiire. Of the original Britiih towns we 
have no certain account; but thofe of the Romans are 
well authenticated. The termination chefter, which is 
common to fo many towns in England, is thought to be 
derived from the Latin caftra, they having been places of 
Roman encampments. Londinum, London, was early 
remarkable for the great refort of merchants. Camalo- 
dnnum, Malden, or according to others Colcheder, was 
the fil'd Roman colony in Britain. The port mod fre¬ 
quented under the emperors, was, Rutupia, Richborough, 
in Kent; the Portus Dubris, or Dover, was afterwards 
more famous : and Lemanis, Lime, near which Caefar is 
fuppofed to have fird landed. Other remarkable places 
were, Durovcrmtm , Canterbury; Durobrivis, Rocheder; 
Venta Belgarmn, Wincheder; Durnium or Durnovaria, Dor- 
cheder ; Ifca, Exeter; Verulamiam, Verulam, near St. 
Alban’s ; Aqua Solis or Calida, Bath -; Clanum, Glouceder ; 
Deva, Cheder, on the river Dee, where the ancient walls 
and fortifications dill remain ; Liridvm Colonia, Lincoln ; 
Eboracinn, York ; Luguvallum, Carlide; Alatra cajlra, fup¬ 
pofed to be Edinburgh, called anciently Edenodunum , from 
its Celtic appellation, Dune Aidan, the eminence or citadel 
of Aidan, its proprietor ; burg, is Saxon, anfwering to 
dune in the Celtic ; or rather, according to others, from 
Eden, a Northumbrian king, who either built or poirelfed 
it. See Edinburgh, in this volume. 
The £axon antiquities in England are chiefly edifices, 
facred or fecular ; many churches remain which were 
altogether, or for the mod part, condrufted in the Saxon 
period ; and fome are extant of the tenth, or perhaps the 
ninth, century. The vaults erected by Grimbald, at 
Oxford, in the reign of Alfred, are judly edeemed curious 
relics of Saxon architecture. One of the rudefl fpecimens 
of their ancient cadles, is Coningtburg-cafile in York- 
fbire ; but, as that region was fubjeft to the Danes till 
the middle of the tenth century, it may perhaps be Danifli. 
Among the fmaller remains of Saxon art, may be men¬ 
tioned the fhrines for preferving relics, which fome fup- 
pofe to prefent the diminutive rudiments of what is dyled 
the Gothic architecture ; and the illuminated manuferipts 
w'hich often afford curious memorials of the date of man¬ 
ners and knowledge. 
The Danifli power in England, though of confiderable 
duration in the north, was in the fouth brief and tranfi- 
tory. The camps or fortifications of that nation were 
circular, like thofe of the Belgie and Saxons, while thofe 
of Roman armies are didinguifhed by the fquare form : 
and it is believed that the only didinCt relics of the Danes, 
are fome cadles to the north of the Humber, and a few 
flones with Runic inferiptions. 
The monuments dyled Norman, rather to diflinguifh 
their epoch ihan front any information that Norman ar- 
Vgl. VI. No. 392. 
LAND. 797 
chiteCls were employed, are reputed to commence after 
the conqued, and to extend to the fourteenth century ; 
when what is called the rich Gothic ornamented flyle 
began to appear, which, in the fixteenth century, was 
fupplanted by the mixed ; and this in its turn yielded to 
the Grecian. See the article Architecture, vol. ii. 
p. 78-94. 
Ancient authors affirm, that' king Alfred inflituted the 
fird dividon of England into flures, fo denominated from 
a Saxon word, fignifying parts cut off, or divifions. They 
are alfo denominated counties, as having been each go¬ 
verned by a diflin6t ealdorman, correfponding with the 
Latin word comes, or count; and fometimes tranflated con - 
fid, and fometimes comes, by thofe Anglo-Saxon authors 
who wrote in Latin. After the Danifli conqueft, this offi¬ 
cer was known by another appellation, that of earl, from 
the Danifli iarl; which, like the word barony in its origi¬ 
nal acceptation, implied Amply, but by way of great emi-„ 
nence, a man. About the eleventh century tliefe titles 
became hereditary dignities; and the government of the 
(hire devolved upon the earl’s deputy, the vice-comcs, /hire- 
reeve, flieritf, or manager of the fhire. A remarkable fub- 
divilion prevails in the extenfive county of York, which 
was divided into thred parts, implied in the Saxon word 
try things, now corruptly called ridings. It is alfo gene¬ 
rally believed that Alfred was the author of the fubdi- 
vifions of counties, called hundreds and tythings, now 
feldom mentioned except in legal proceedings, and in to¬ 
pographical deferiptions.—For the names of the counties, 
and their particular privileges, fee the article County, 
vol. v. p. 289—290. It is probable that the hundred, ori¬ 
ginally contained one hundred farms; while the tything 
was redrifted to ten. Such -are the chief features of the 
Saxon divifions of England. The capital of the feveral 
heptarchic kingdoms varied at the will of the fovereign. 
London, which belonged to the Ead Saxons, maintained 
in fome degree its Roman fame and eminence; but on the 
termination of the heptarchy, Wincheder was regarded 
as the capital of England. 
It mud not however be forgotten, that the kingdom of 
Northumbria, comprifing the regions north of the Hum¬ 
ber, exided till the year 950, under its peculiar fove- 
reigns, the lad of whom was Eric: and that even Domef- 
day-book, which was compiled in the time of William 
the Conqueror, excludes the three counties of modem 
Northumberland, Cumberland, and Wedmoreland, then 
regarded as part of Scotland. Durham, the patrimony of 
St. Cuthbert, is alfo omitted; and Lancaflrire is arranged 
under the divifions of Yorkihire and Chefhire. The king¬ 
dom of Bernicia at one period extended to the Frith of 
Forth ; but in the latter Saxon times the boundaries of 
England on the north fell confiderably fliort of their pre¬ 
fent extent. On the wed, Ofla king of Mercia redricled 
the Weld) by an extenfive barrier, the remains of which 
are dill called Offa’s dyke. It extended from the river 
Wye, along the counties of Hereford and Radnor into 
that of Montgomery, where it enters North Wales. It 
afterwards pafles by Chirk-cadle to the river Dee, and 
ends in the pariffi of Mold. 
Few alterations of any confequence appear to have been 
made in the Norman period. The northern limits were 
however extended to their prefent circuit. Cumberland 
and Wedmoreland were wreded from the Scots, and the 
provinces north of the Humber were completely incor¬ 
porated. On the wed, Henry I. about the year 1120, 
having conquered a part of Wales, invited and eflablifhed 
a Flemiffi colony in Pembrokefhire, and one or two others 
of the mod fouthern counties, which afterwards became 
remarkable for indudry ; a Angular fadt, and for that pe¬ 
riod a remarkable exertion of political wifdom. The fub- 
fequent conqued of Wales by Edward 1 . and its gradual 
affimilation and aflbeiation with England, have been al¬ 
ready dated. 
The population of England by the Celts, may be re¬ 
garded as its fird hidorical epoch. The fecond is formed 
9 R by 
N- 
