•6 / > A C H 
ACETOSE, adj. That which has in it any thing four. 
ACETOSELLA,yi in botany, a fpecies of Oxalis. 
See Oxalis and Rumf.x. 
ACETOSITY, f. The ftate of being acetofe, or of 
containing fournefs. 
ACETOUS, adj. [from acetvm, vinegar, Lat.] Having 
the quality of vinegar ; four.— Raifins which conlift chief¬ 
ly of the juice of grapes, infpiffated in the (kins or hulks 
by the avolation of the (uperfluous moifture through their 
pores, being diftilled in a retort, did not afford any vinous, 
but ratlier an acetous, fpirit. Boyle. 
ACETUM, / vinegar, the vegetable acid of die 
chemifts. See Vinegar. 
ACHABY TUS, a high mountain in Rhodes, on the top 
of which hood a temple of Jupiter. 
ACH JE A, anciently a town of the i-fiand of Rhodes, 
in the diftrict of Jalyfus, and the fil'd and molt ancient of 
ad, laid to be built by the Heliades, or grandfons of the 
lun. 
Achasa, a hamlet of Afiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine. 
The inhabitants were called Achsci, a colony of the Or- 
chonienians. 
ACHfEANS, the inhabitants of Achaia Propria, a 
Peloponnefum (rate. This republic was not conliderable 
in early times, for the number of its troops, nor for its 
wealth, nor for the ..extent of its territories; but it was 
famed for its probity, its juftice, and its love of liberty. 
Its high reputation for thefe virtues w as very ancient. The 
Crotonians and Sybarites, to re-efitablilh order in their 
towns, adopted the laws and cuftoms of the Achaeans. 
After the famous battle of Leuftra, a difference arole be¬ 
twixt the Lacedemonians and Thebans, who held the vir¬ 
tue of this people in fuch veneration, that they terminated 
the difpute by tlieir decifion. The government of the 
Achaeans was democratical. They preferved their liberty 
till the time of Philip and Alexander; but, in the reign 
of thofe princes, and afterwards, they were either fub- 
jed to the Macedonians, who had made themfe'lves maf- 
ters of Greece, or opprelfed by cruel tyrants. The 
Achaean commonwealth conlifted of twelve inconfiderable 
towns in Peloponneftis. Its firft annals are not marked by 
any great adion, for they are not graced with one eminent 
charader. After the death of Alexander, this little re¬ 
public was a prey to all the evils which flow from political 
difeord. A zeal for the good of the community was now 
extinguiffied. Each town was only attentive to its private 
intereff. There was no longer any (lability in the (fate ; 
for it changed its mafters with every revolution in Mace¬ 
donia. Towards the .124th Olympiad, about the time 
when Ptolemy Soter died, and when Pyrrhus invaded Italy, 
She republic of the Achaeans recovered its old inftitutions 
and unanimity. The inhabitants of Patse and of Dymre 
were the firft affertors of ancient liberty. The tyrants 
were baniftied, and the towns again made one common¬ 
wealth. A public council was then held, in which affairs 
of importance were difeuifed and determined. A regilter 
was appointed to record the tranfaflions of the council. 
This alfembly had two preiidents., who were nominated 
alternately by the different towns.. But inftead of two 
prefidents, they foon elected but one. Many neighbour¬ 
ing towns which admired the conftitution of this republic, 
founded on equality, liberty, the love of juftice, and of the 
public good, were incorporated with the Achaeans, and 
admitted to the full enjoyment of their laws and privileges. 
•—The arms which the Achaeans chiefly ufed were flings. 
They were trained to the art from their infancy, by fling¬ 
ing, from a great defiance, at a circular mark of a mode¬ 
rate circumference. By long practice they took fo nice an 
aim, that they were Pure, not only to hit their enemies on 
the head, but on any part of the face they chofe. Their 
flings were of a different kind from thofe of the Baleari- 
ans, whom they far furpaffed in dexterity. 
ACH.ni (Achaeans); the inhabitants of Achaia Pro¬ 
pria. In Livy, the people of Greece; for the moll part 
A C H 
called Achivi, by the Roman poets. In Ilomcr, the ge¬ 
neral name for Grecians. 
ACHfEORUM PORTUS, (Pliny;) now Porto Boon, 
a harbour of the Ch'erfonefus Taurica, on the Euxine. 
Another, near Sigaeum, into which the Xanthus, after 
being joined by the Simois, falls. 
ACHfEMENES, according to Herodotus, was father 
■of Cambyfes, and grandfather of Cyrus I. king of Perfia. 
Moil of the commentators of Horace are of opinion, that 
the Achaemenes whom that poet mentions, Ode xii. of his 
2d Book, was one of the Perlian monarchs: but, if that 
were true, he muft have reigned before the Medes fub- 
dued the Perlians ; for vne do not hear of any king of that 
name from the time that the Perlians founded that great 
monarchy, which is looked upon as the fecond univerfal 
one. However this be, the epithet Achcemeuians is very 
frequently given to the Perlians in the old Latin poets. 
Achiemekes, (on of Darius I. king of Perfia, and 
brother of Xerxes, had the government of Egypt bellowed 
on him, after Xerxes had forced the Egyptians to return 
to their allegiance. He fome time after commanded the 
Egyptian fleet in the celebrated expedition w hich proved 
fo fatal to all Greece. The Egyptians having again taken 
up arms after the death of Xerxes, Achaemenes was fent 
into Egypt to fupprefs the rebellion ; but was vanquilhed 
by Inaius, chief of the rebels, fuccouredby the Athenians. 
ACHfEUS, coufin-german to Seleucus Centunus and 
Antiochus the Great, kings of Syria, became a very pow¬ 
erful monarch, and enjoyed the dominions he had ufurped 
for many years; but at laft he was puniflied for his iifur*- 
pations in a dreadful manner, in the 140th year of Rome, 
as related by Polybius. 
ACHAIA, a name taken for that part of Greece which 
Ptolemy calls Hellas; the younger Pliny, Gracia; now 
called Livadia: bounded on the north by Theftaly, the 
river Sperchius, the Sinus Maliacus, and mount Oeta; on 
the weft by tiie river Achelous; on the eaft, turning a little 
to the north, it is walked by the Archipelago, down to the 
promontory of Sunium; on the fouth, joined to the Pe- 
loponnefus or Morea, by the ifthmus of Corinth, five miles 
broad. It contained the cities of Athens, Thebes, Del¬ 
phi, Pythia, See. alfo the mounts Parnaft'us, Helicon, and 
feveral other places mentioned in ancient hiftory. 
Achaia Propria, anciently a fniall diftrift in the 
norrh of Peloponnefus, running weftward along the bay 
of Corinth, and bounded on the weft by the Ionian fea, 
on the fouth by Elis and Arcadia, and on the eaft by Si- 
cyonia: inhabitants, the Achaeans, properly fo called ; its 
metropolis Patra. It is now called Romania Alta, in the 
Morea. 
Achaia was alfo taken for all thofe countries that joined 
in the Achaean league, reduced by the Romans to a pro¬ 
vince. Likewife for Peloponnefus. 
Achaia Presbyteri, or the Prelbyters of Achaia, 
were thofe w’howereprefent at the martyrdom of St. An¬ 
drew the Apoftle, A. D. 59 ; and are faid to have written 
an epiftle in relation to it. Bellarmin, and feveral other 
eminent writers in the church of Rome, allow it to be ge¬ 
nuine ; wftiile Du Pin, and fome others, exprefsly rejedl it. 
ACHAIS, a town near the river Oxus in Sogdiana, 
built by Alexander, and called Heraclea ; afterwards over¬ 
thrown and re-built by Antiochus, who gave it the name 
of Achais. 
ACHAIUS, fon of Ethwin, was raifed to the crown of 
Scotland, A. D. 788. The emperor Charlemagne fent an 
embaffy to delire an alliance with him againft the Englifh, 
whole pirates fo infefted the feas, that the merchants could 
not carry on their trade. This alliance was concluded in 
France upon conditions fo advantageous to the Scots, that 
Achaius, to perpetuate the memory of it, added to the 
arms of Scotland a double field lowed with lilies. He di¬ 
ed in 819. 
ACHALALACTLI, f in ornithology, a fpecies of 
king’s fiftier. See AlCedo . 
ACHAM, 
