i 3 2 A D V 
as if their clients were not lefs obliged 7 to thei#thani free'd 
men to their matters. The bar was hb.t at that time venal. 
Thofe who alpired to honours and office's took this wav 
of gaining an mtered in the people, and always pleaded' 
gratis. But no fooner were luxury and corruption intro¬ 
duced into the commonwealth, than the bar became a 
ffiarer in them. Then it was that the fenators let out their 
voices for pay, and zeal and eloquence were fold to the 
highed bidder. To put a dop to this abufe, the tribune 
Cincius procured a law to be paired, called from him Lex 
Cincia, whereby the advocateswere forbidden to take any 
money of their clients. It had before this been prohibit¬ 
ed the advocates to take any prefents or gratuities for 
their pleading. The emperor Augudus added a penalty 
to it: notwithdanding which, the advocates played their 
part fo well, that the emperor Claudius thought it an ex¬ 
traordinary circumftance, when he obliged them not to 
take above eight great fefterces, which are equivalent to 
about 64I. derling, for pleading each caufe. 
Advocate of a City, in the German polity, a ma¬ 
gi d rate appointed in the emperor’s name to adminider 
jultice. 
Confijlori'al Advocate^; officers of the confiftory at 
Rome, w'ho plead in all oppofitions to thedifpofal of be¬ 
nefices in that court: they are ten in.number. 
EleElive Advocates, thofe chofen by the abbot, bi- 
Ihop, or chapter ; a particular licence being had from the 
king or prince for that purpofe. The elections were ori¬ 
ginally made in the prefence of the count of the province. 
Feudal Advocates. Thefe were of the military kind, 
who, to make them more zealous for the intereft of the 
church, had lands granted them in fee, which they held 
of the church, and did homage, and took an oath of fide¬ 
lity to the bilhop or abbot. Thefe were to lead the vaf- 
fals of the church to war, not only in private quarrels of 
the church itfelf, but in military expeditions for the king’s 
fervice, in which they were the ftandard-bearers of their 
churches. 
Fifcal Advocate, \_ffci advocatus,"] in Roman antiqui¬ 
ty, an officer of Hate under the Roman emperors, who 
pleaded in all caufes wherein the ffcus, or private trea¬ 
sury, was concerned. 
juridical Advocates, in the middle age, were thofe 
who from attending caufes in the court of the comes, or 
count of the province, became judges themfelves, and 
held courts of their vaffals thrice a-year, under the name 
of the tria placita generalia. In confideration of this fur¬ 
ther fervice, they had a particular allowance of one third 
part of all fines, or mulfts, impeded on defaulters, &c. 
befides a proportion of diet for themfelves and fervants. 
Matricular Advocates, were the advocates of the mo¬ 
ther or cathedral churches. 
Military Advocates, thofe appointed for the defence 
of the church, rather by arms and authority than by 
pleading and eloquence. Thefe were introduced in the 
times of confufion, when every perfon was obliged to 
maintain their own property by force ; biffiops and ab¬ 
bots not being permitted to bear arms, and the fcholaftic 
or gowned advocates being equally unacquainted with 
them, recourfe was had to knights, noblemen, foldiers, 
or even to princes. 
Nominative Advocates, thofe appointed by a king or 
pope. Sometimes the churches petitioned kings, See. to 
appoint them an advocate ; at other times this was done 
of their own accord. By fome regulations, no perfon was 
capable of being elefted advocate, unlefs he had an edate. 
in land in the fame county. 
Regular Advocates, thofe duly formed and qualified 
for their profeflion, by a proper courfe of ftudy, the re- 
quifite oath, fubfeription, licence, &c. 
Subordinate Advocates, thofe appointed by other fu- 
perior ones, ailing under them, and accountable to them. 
There were various reafons for the creation of thefe fubor- 
dinate advocates ; as, the fuperior quality of the princi¬ 
pal advocate, his being detained In war, or being involv- 
3 
A D V 
ed in other affairs ; but chiefly the too" great di-dance of 
fome of the church-lands, and their lying in the domi- ' 
nions of foreign princes. 
Supreme or Sovereign Advocates, were thofe who had 
the authority in chief"; but ailed by deputies or"fubordi-■ 
nate advocates.. Thefe were called alfo principal, greater +’■ 
and fometiities general, advocates. Such in many cafes 
were kings, &c. when either they had been chofen adyo-i 
cates, or becaine fuch by being founders or endpWers of 
churches. Princes had alfo another title to advocateffiip, 1 ’ 
fome of them pretendihg’to be advocati riati of the churches 
within their dominions. • ’ * • •: 
Advocates', in the Englifli coiirts, are itrore •gene-: ! 
rally called counfel. See Counsel. " . : ' 
Faculty of Advocates, in’Sco'tlarid, a refpeftable bo¬ 
dy of lawyers, who plead in all caufes before the v Courts 
of Seffion, 'Judiciary, and Exchequer. They are alfo in- 
titled to plead in the houfe of peers, and other fupremo 
courts in England. 
Lord Advocate,' or King’s Advocate, one of the 
eight great officers of date in Scotland,'who as fuch fat in 
parliament without eleition. He is the' principal crown- 
lawyer in Sfcotland. His bufinefs is to aft-as a public pro - 
fecutor, and to plead in all caufes that concern the crown: 
ADVOCATION, f. The office or act of -pleading; 
plea; apology. 
ADVOLATION, f. \_advolo t 'advolatuin, Lat.] The a6t 
of flying to fomething.. ■' 
ADVOLUTION,_/i \_advolutio , Lat.] The aft of roll¬ 
ing to fomething. 
ADVOUTRY,y. [ avoutrie , Fr.] Adultery.—He was 
the mod perfidious man upon the earth, and he had made 
a marriage compounded between an advoutry and a rape. 
Bacon, 
To ADVOW, v. a. [ advocare , Lat.] In law, to judifyor 
maintain an aft formerly done.' As if one takes a didrefs for 
rent, and he that is didreffed fues a replevin; in this Cafe, 
the didrainer, judifying or maintaining the aft, is faid to 
advow ox avow ; and hence come advowant, and advowry. 
This word is alfo ufed to figiiify to bring forth any thifig: 
anciently, when goods dolen were bought by one, and fold 
to another, it was lawful for the right owner to take them 
wherever they were found; and he, in whofe polfeffion 
they were found, was bound advoca.tr, that is, to call in or 
produce the feller to judify the fald, and fo on till they 
found the thief. 
ADVOWEE, f. in ancient cudoms and law-books, de¬ 
notes the advocate of a church, religious houfe, or the 
like. There were advowees of cathedrals, abbeys, mo- 
naderies, &c. Thus, Charlemagne had the title of ad¬ 
vowee of SI. Peter’s; king Hugh, of St. Riquier; and 
Bolandtis mentions fome letters of pope Nicholas, by which 
he condituted king Edward the Confedor, and his fuccef- 
fors, advowees of the monadery at Wedminder, and of 
all the churches in England. Thefe advowees were the 
guardians, proteftors, and adminidrators, of the tempo¬ 
ral concerns of the churches, See. and under their autho¬ 
rity were palled all contrafts which related to them. It 
appears alfo, from the mod ancient charters, that the do¬ 
nations made to churches were conferred on the perfons 
of tire advowees. They always pleaded the caufes of the 
churches in court, and Aidributed judi.ee for them, in the 
places under their jurifdiftion. They alfo commanded 
the forces furnifhed by their monafteries, &c. for the vrar'; 
and even were their champions, and fometimes maintained' 
duels for them. 
Speiman didinguiffies two kinds of ecclefradical ad¬ 
vowees. The one, of caufes or precedes, advocati-caufa-- 
rum; the other, of territory or lands, advocatifoli. The 
former were nominated by the king, and were ufuaHy 
lawyers, who undertook to plead the caufes of the monaf¬ 
teries. The others, which dill fublid, and are fometime3 
called by their primitive natne, advowees f though more 
ufiially patrons , were hereditary ; as beiftg the founders 
and endowers of churches, Arc. or their heirs. Wonien • 
were 
