A L H 
lowed in many of the adjacent halls and galleries. The 
ceiling is a fretted cove. To prelerve this vaulted roof, 
as well as fome of the other principal cupolas, the out¬ 
ward walls of the towers are raifed ten feet above the top 
©f the dome, and fupport another roof overall, by which 
means no damage can ever be caufed by wet weather or 
exceflive heat and cold. From this hall you pals round 
the little myrtle-garden of Lindaraxa, into an additional 
building made to the eaff end by Charles V. The rooms 
are fmall and low. His dear motto, Pius outre, appears on 
every beam. This leads to a little tower, projecting from 
the line of the north wall, called Eltocador, or the drel- 
ling-room of the fultana. It is a fmall fquare cabinet, in 
the middle of an open gallery, from which it receives 
light by a door and three windows. The look-out is 
charming. In one corner is a large mjrble flab, drilled 
full of holes, through which the fmoke of perfumes 
afcended from furnaces below ; and here, it is prefumed, 
the Moorifh queen was wont to fit to fumigate and fw'eeten 
her perfon. The emperor caufed this pretty room to be 
painted- with reprefentations of his wars, and a great va¬ 
riety of grotefques, which appear to be copies, or at lead 
imitations, of thofe in the loggie of the Vatican. From 
hence you go through a long paifage to the hall of ambaf- 
fadors, which is magnificently decorated with innumera¬ 
ble varieties of mofaics, and the mottos of all the kings 
of Granada. This long narrow antichamber opens into 
the communa on the left hand, and on the right into the 
great audience-hall in the tower of Comares; a noble 
apartment, thirty-fix feet fquare, thirty-fix high up to the 
cornice, and eighteen from thence to the centre of the 
cupola. The walls on three lides are fifteen feet thick, 
on the other nine; the lower range of windows thirteen 
feet high. The w'hole wall is inlaid with mofaic of many 
colours, difpofed in intricate knots, flars, and other figures. 
In every part various Arabic fentences are repeated. 
“ The mod remarkable room below is the king’s bed¬ 
chamber, which communicated, by means of a gallery, 
with the upper dory. The beds were placed in two al¬ 
coves, upon a raifed pavement of blue and white tiles; 
but as it was repaired by Philip V. who palfed fome time 
here, it cannot be faid how it may have been in former 
times. A fountain played in the middle, to refrefh the 
apartment, in hot weather. Behind the alcoves are fmall 
doors, that conduit you to the royal baths. Thefe confid 
of one fmall clofet with marble ciderns for wadiing chil¬ 
dren, two rooms for grown-up perfons, and vaults for 
boilers and furnaces that fupplied the baths with water and 
the doves with vapours. The troughs are formed of large 
flabs of white marble; the walls are beautified with par¬ 
ty-coloured earthen-ware; light is admitted by holes in 
the coved-ceiling. Adjoining is a whifpering gallery, and 
a kind of labyrinth, faid to have been made for the diver- 
iion of the women and children. One of the palfages of 
communication is fenced off with a drong iron grate, and 
called “ the prifon of the fultana:” but it feems more 
probable that it was put up to prevent any body from 
climbing into the women’s apartments. 
“Under the council-room is a long (lip called “theking’s 
fhidy;” and adjoining to it are feveral vaults, faid to be 
the place of burial of the royal family. In the year 1574, 
four fepulchres were opened ; but, as they contained no¬ 
thing but bones and afhes, were immediately clofed again. 
“ This defeription of the Alhambra may be finifhed by 
obferving how admirably every thing was planned and cal¬ 
culated for rendering this palace the mod voluptuous of 
all retirements; what plentiful fupplies of w'ater were 
brought to refrefh it in the hot months of fummer ; what 
a free circulation of air was contrived, by the judicious 
difpofition of doors and windows; what fhady gardens of 
aromatic trees ; what noble views over the beautiful hills 
and fertile plains ! No wonder the Moors regretted Gra¬ 
nada; no wonder they dill offer up prayers to God every 
Friday for the recovery of this city, which they edeem a 
ter-redrial paradife.” See Granada. 
A L I .335; 
ALUA'ZEN, Ai.la'cen, or Abdi'lazttm, was a 
learned Arabian, who lived in Spain about the year 1 ioe. 
He w rote-upon Adrologv; and his work upon Optics was 
printed, in Latin, at Bal'd, in 1572, under the title of 
Opticae Thefaurus, by Rifner. Alhazen was the fird who 
fliewed the importance of refractions in adronomy, fo lit¬ 
tle known to the ancients. He is alfo the fird author who 
has treated on the twilight, in which he alfo fpeaks of the 
height of the clouds. 
AI,HEN'NA,yi in botany. See Lawsonia. 
A'LI gives the denomination to a fedt among the Ma¬ 
hometans, who adhere to the right of fucceffion of All 
the fourth khalif or fucceffor of Mahomet, and to the re ■ 
form of Mudulmanifm introduced by him. The fedtaries 
of Ali are more particularly called Schiites, and dand op- 
pofed to Sunnites, or feCt of Omar, who adhere to the law 
as left by Mahomet, Abubeker, and Omar. Ali was 
coufin of Mahomet, and lon-in-law of that prophet, ha¬ 
ving married his daughter Fatimah. After Mahomet’s 
death, great difputes arofe about the fucceffion. Many 
Food for Ali; but Abubeker was preferred, and eledled 
the fird khalif. Ali took his turn, after the death of 
Othman. The Perfians are the chief adherents to the fedt 
of Ali, whom they hold to have been the legitimate luc- 
ceflor of Mahomet, and Abubeker an ufurper. On the 
contrary, the Turks are of the fedt of Omar; and hold 
Ali in execration, having raifed a furious civil war among 
the Mulluimans. The didinguifhing badge of the fol¬ 
lowers of Ali is a red turban, which is worn by the Per¬ 
fians, who are hence called in derifion, by the Turks,, 
Kifilkachi, q.d. “red heads.” Ali is reputed the author 
of leveral works, particularly a Centiloquium, in great 
edeem among the Arabs and Perfians, part of which has 
been publifhed in Englifh by Mr. Ockley. 
Ali (Hyder). See Hyder Ali. 
ALI BEY was born in Natolia, in 1728, and received 
at his birth the name of Jofeph. His father was a Greek 
pried, of a didinguilhed family, who educated him with 
great care. At thirteen years of age, Jofeph being hunt¬ 
ing in a neighbouring fored, he was fallen upon by rob¬ 
bers, and carried off to Grand Cairo: here he was fold 
to Ibrahim, a lieutenant of the janifaries, who had him 
circumcifed, clothed him in the drefs of the Mamalouks, 
and called him Ali: he gave him maders in the Turkifh 
and Arabic languages, and in horfernandiip ; and, by kind 
treatment, made him fatisfied with his new dation. In a 
courfe of years, lie fucceeded in thefe languages, fliewed 
wonderful dexterity in the ufe of arms, and became fo dear 
to his mader, that he raifed him rapidly in his houfehold, 
and created him a cachef, or governor, at the age of 
twenty-two. In this dation, he manifeded his equity and 
good adminidration of judice, improved the difeipline of 
the Mamalouks, and laid the foundation of his future 
greatnefs. But, a falfe accufation having been made againd 
him to the Grand Signior, he was profcribed, and his head 
was ordered to be fent to Condantinople. Being fortunately 
apprifed of the defign, hefeizedand put to death the mef- 
fenger who brought the order, and was foon enabled to 
put himfelf at the head of an army. Taking advantage 
of the didrefsful and dangerous fituation to which the 
Turkifh empire was reduced, in confequence of the war 
with Rudia, he boldly mounted the throne of the ancient 
fultans of Egypt. But, not content with the kingdom of 
Egypt, he alfo laid claim to Syria, Paledine, and that part 
of Arabia 'which had belonged to the ancient fultans-. 
He marched at the head of his troops to fupport thefe 
pretenlions, and actually fubdued fome of the neighbour 
ing provinces both of Arabia and Syria. At the fame 
time that he was engaged in thefe great enterprizes, he 
was not lefs attentive to the edablidiing of a regular form 
of government, and introducing order into a country that 
had been long the feat of anarchy and confufion. His 
views were equally extended to commerce ; for which 
purpofe he gave great encouragement to the Chridian tra¬ 
ders, and took off fome ihameful redraints and indigm- 
3 ties 
