382 A L Y 
Man never is, but always to be, bleft. Pope. 
Conftantly; without variation : oppofed tofometimes,OY\.o 
now and then. —tie is always great, when fome great occu- 
fion is prefentnd to him. Drydtn. 
AL'WYN, [of alle, all, and win, Sax. a viftor, q. d. one 
who won all at difputing.] An eminent Englifh Saxon, 
tutor to Charles the Great. 
ALY'PUM,/ in botany. See Globularia. 
ALYS'MOS, f. \_alyce, from aA'Jw, to be uneafy or anxi¬ 
ous.] Hippocrates ufes it to exprefs that uneafinefs that is 
attendant on acute difeafes, which makes the patients tofs 
about, fo that they cannot reft long in the fame pofture. 
Duretus diftinguiflies between the ce.Kvcruoq ctvsjj.troi; and the 
tzXvG-u.oq vavTtbns. The firft is caufed by an oppreflion of 
the vital powers, the latter by ficknefs in the ftomach ; but 
of this alyfmos there are reckoned four forts. It is alfo 
called diaporema — aporia. 
The firft and fccond of which are without, the third and 
fourth with, fever; and thus accounted for : i. By fome- 
thing uneafy in the ftomach ; hence an irregular contrac¬ 
tion of the heart, a difficult patfage of the blood through 
the lungs; and confcquently this anxiety. Uneafinefs of 
the ftomach by fympathy, as from a (tone in the kidneys, 
<&c. produces this di (order. 
2. By vapours or fpafrris in the ftomach, or other vifeera 
©f the belly, as in the cholera morbus, hyfteria, &c. 
3. From a difficulty in the paffage of the blood through 
the lungs, which may be from a fpafmodic ft rift lire in the 
fmaller veffels, in which cafe the blood is thrown by gluts 
into the larger. In inflammatory fevers, this fymptom is 
attended with a low pulfe, oppreflion in the bread, and 
difficult breathing. 
4. It happens when a ftrifture of the vena porta pre¬ 
vents a free circulation of the blood in the lower belly. 
In this cafe there is great weight and oppreflion of the hy¬ 
pochondria. This often ends in a polypus ; and fo, by 
confequence, death, or a gangrene in the liver; whence a 
fatal putrid diarrhoea. 
ALYSSOI'DES,_/l in botany. See Alyssum. 
ALYS'SON,/'. in botany. See Alyssum, Clypeo- 
i,a,Draba, Marrubium, My ag rum, and Veronica. 
ALYS'SUM,yi [aXt.’co-w, Gr. to be mad.] In botany, a 
genus of the tetradynamia filiculofa clafs, of the natural 
order of filiquofae. The generic charafters are—Calyx: 
perianthium four-leaved, oblong; leaflets ovate-oblong, 
obtufe, convergent, deciduous. Corolla: four-petalled, 
Cruciform; petals flat, ffiorter than the calyx, very fpread- 
ing; claws the length of the calyx. Stamina: filaments 
fix, the length of the calyx; two oppofite a little ffiorter, 
marked with a toothlet; antherse from ereft, fpreading. 
Piftillum: germ fubovate ; ftyle fimple, the length of the 
ilamens, longer than the germ; ftigma obtufe. Pericar- 
pium : a fubgiobofe emarginate filicle, with a ftyle the 
length of the filicle, two-celled; partitions elliptic, valves 
elliptic hemifpherical. Seeds: fixed to filiform recepta¬ 
cles, ilfuing forth at the end of the lilicle, few orbicular. 
The petals in fome fpecics are emarginate, in others en¬ 
tire. The filicle in fome is bellying, in others comprefled. 
The effential charafter confifts in the ftiorter filaments ha¬ 
ving a toothlet inferted at the bafe within. 
Species. I. Underffirubs. 1. Alyffium fpinofum, or 
thorny madwort: the old racemes thorny, naked. This 
fpecies lias woody branches, which rife about two feet 
high, and are armed with fmall fpines. The leaves are 
hoary, lanceolate, and thinly placed on the (talks without 
any order. The flowers grow in fmall clutters at the ex¬ 
tremities of the branches. It grows naturally in Italy, 
Spain, and the fouth of France. 
2. Alyffium halimifolium, or fweet madwort: (terns pro¬ 
cumbent, perennial, leaves lance-linear, acute, quite en¬ 
tire. Spreads itfelf upon the ground, and never rifes to 
any height. At the extremities of its branches it produ¬ 
ces very pretty tufts of fmall white flowers, of which the 
plant is feldom deftitute for fix or feven months fuccef- 
A L Y 
fively. It is a native of the fouthern countries of Eu¬ 
rope; and was cultivated in 1722 in Chellea garden. 
3. Alyffium faxatile, or yellow madwort: ftemS ffirubby 
panicled, leaves lanceolate, very foft, repand; petals en¬ 
tire. This is a low plant, with a fleffiy (talk, which fel¬ 
dom rifes more than one foot high, but divides into many 
fmaller branches, which grow near the ground, fo that a 
Angle plant will fpread to a confiderable diftance. The 
flowers are produced in loofe panicles at the extremity of 
every branch, and are of a bright yellow colour. They 
appear at the end of April, or beginning of May, and, if 
the feafon be moderate, will continue three weeks in beau¬ 
ty. This is a fmall, ffiowy, hardy, plant, and not difpo- 
fed to over-run others; it is very fuitable to embellifli 
rock-work, grows in Candia and Auftria, and frequently 
flowers a fecond time in autumn. 
4. Alyffium alpeftre, or Italian madwort: ftems under- 
flirubby, diffufed,leaves roundiffi, hoary, calyxes coloured. 
This fpecies is found on the mountains of Provence, to¬ 
wards Italy; alfo on Mont Cenis, See. 
II. Herbaceous. 5. Alyffiumhyperboreum, ornorthern 
madwort: leaves hoary, toothed, Ilamens four-forked. It 
is found in North America. 
6. Alyffium incanum, or hoary madwort: ftem ereft, 
leaves lanceolate, hoary, quite entire, flowers in corymbs, 
petals bifid. Grows to the height of two feet, having" 
woody ftalks, which divide into feveral branches toward 
the top. At the extremity of every (hoot the flowers are 
produced in round bunches; they are fmall and white. It 
grows naturally in the fouth of France, Spain, and Italy, 
Germany, Auftria, Sweden, &c. chiefly on rocky or gra¬ 
velly foils, and is perennial. 
7. Alyffium minimum, or lead madwort: ftems diffufed, 
leaves linear, downy, filicles comprefled. An annual plant,, 
and grows wild in Spain. 
8. Alyffium calycinum, or calycine madwort: ftamens 
all toothed, calyxes permanent. This is alfo annual, and 
found wild in Auftria, Carniola, France, Germany, and 
Switzerland. 
9. Alyffium montan urn, or mountain madwort: ftems 
diffufed, leaves fublanceolate, dotted, and echinate. This 
grows naturally upon rocks in Burgundy and fome other 
parts of France, about Bafil, in Germany, Auftria, Car¬ 
niola, &c. and is perennial. 
10. Alyffium campeftre, or field madwort: ftamens 
guarded with a pair of bridles, calyxes deciduous. Is 
very like the eighth in ftem, leaves, and petals, but is more 
decumbent and has lance-ovate leaves. It is annual, and 
grows in France, Germany, and Switzerland. 
11. Alyffium clypeatum, or buckler-podded madwort: 
ftem ereft, filicles feflile, oval, comprefled-flat, petals 
pointed, linear. This fpecies grows naturally in Spain 
and Portugal. Tournefort gathered it on mount Libanus. 
III. Silicles inflated, or calyxes oblong, clofed. 12. 
Alyffium finuatum, or (innate-leaved madwort: ftem her¬ 
baceous, leaves lance-deltoid, filicles inflated. Itisannu- 
al or biennial, and grows wild in Spain, by way-fides : alfo 
in the iflands of the Archipelago, but is hardy enough to 
live in the open air in England, in a dry foil, and a warm 
fituation. 
13. Alyffium Creticum, or Cretan madwort: ftem (hrub- 
by, leaves lanceolate, a little toothed, downy, filicles in¬ 
flated, globular. The flowers grow in fmall clufters at 
the extremities of the branches. It feldom continues 
longer than two years in England; and, in a warm dry fi¬ 
tuation, will live in the open air. It is found in Spain 
and Candia. 
14. Alyffium Gemonenfe, or Gemona madwort: ftem 
herbaceous, branches divaricated, root-leaves obovate, 
rather downy, filicles inflated. This fpecies was firft dif- 
covered by Pietro Arduini, in September 1759, on the 
mountain della Fontana, near Gemona, in the diftrift of 
Forli, in Italy, in the clefts of rocks. It flowers in May 
and June. 
13. Alyffium utriculatum, or bottle madwort: ftem her¬ 
baceous. 
