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contrary <vtfy. fn Tome places thefe Valves are Angle, in 
others double, triple, &c. 
By nerves, anatomifts mean the white ropes which pro¬ 
ceed from the cerebrum, cerebellum, and fpinal marrow, 
■and are fpread over all the parts of the body by filaments and 
ramifications. Each nervous rope may be conlidered as a 
membranous vefl'el, the cavity of which is filled by a great 
number of membranous longitudinal fepta, and by me¬ 
dullary filaments which lie between the fepta. 
Mufcles are bundles of fibres, called by anatomifts fibree 
matrices, of a reddilh colour, and of different lengths. 
The middle portion of the moving fibres is the principal, 
and differs from the extremities in being red, thick, foft, 
And capable of contraction. This middle portion of each 
moving fibre is laid to be flefiiy, and forms what is pro¬ 
perly called jlejh. The extremities are called tendinous, 
and the fubftance formed by them tendons. 
Glands are clufters or moleculae, diitingui(liable from all 
the other parts of the body by their form, confidence, 
texture, and connection. They are, in general, compofed 
of arteries, veins, nerves, and other particular velfels, and 
of a fubftance which unites all thefe together in their dif¬ 
ferent folds, contortions, and intertextures, all inverted by 
a membranous covering. The office of glands is to fepa- 
rate from the mafs of blood, by means of certain decretory 
veffels, fluids, which they difeharge, either immediately 
or by other velfels termed excretory, and thefe fluids are 
either accumulated in particular refervoirs, collected in 
the common cavities, or forced out of the body. 
Fat and narrow are equivocal terms. By the firft we ge¬ 
nerally underhand an oily, foft, white, oryellowifh, fub- 
rtance, of different confidences, collected between the fkin 
and the mufcles, in the interftices of the mufcles about the 
vifeera, &c. and compofed partly of a cellulous or fpongy 
fubftance, purely membranous, and partly of an oily mat¬ 
ter of different thicknefs. This oily matter is called fat , 
efpecially when feparated from the cellulous fubftance, 
and likewife corpus adipofum by anatomifts. Marrow dif¬ 
fers from fat only in the finenefs of the membranous tex¬ 
ture, in the fubtility of the oily matter, and its duration 
within the bones. 
By vifeera, we commonly underftand parts contained in 
a great cavity, without being connected to it through their 
whole extent or circumference. Such are the ftomach, 
inteftines, &c. in the abdomen; and the lungs in the tho¬ 
rax. Organ or injlrument is a term given to every part ca¬ 
pable of any function, whether it be fimple or complex ; 
and in this fenfe we lay, organ of fight, refpiration, See. 
The Human Body is commonly divided into the head, 
trunk, and extremities. The trunk is again fubdivided in¬ 
to the neck, thorax, and abdomen ; and the extremities into 
Juperior, called the arms, and inferior, called the legs. The 
ancients divided tjte body into the three great cavities, 
which they termed venters, and into four extremities. They 
called the head the upper venter, the thorax the middle ven¬ 
ter, and the abdomen the lower venter. The neck was by 
fome joined to the head ; by others, to the thorax. But 
the moft natural and plained divifion of the body, is into 
the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, arms, and legs; each of 
which portions may afterwards be fubdivided. Each por¬ 
tion is to be examined not only with regard to its furface 
or external conformation, but alfo with regard to its inter¬ 
nal ftruClure or compofition, and to the vifeera or organs 
which it contains or fupports. This is what gave occa- 
fion to the antients to divide the body into parts contain¬ 
ing and parts contained; and to fubdivide the containing 
parts into common and proper. The common containing 
parts have been named integuments , by which they meant 
chiefly the fkin and fat. 
The head, viewed on the outfide, is divided into the hairy 
fcalp and face. The inner parts of the head are furround- 
*ed by the bones of the cranium. The hairy fcalp covers 
the upper part of the os frontis, the ofla parietalia, the 
os.occipitis, and the upper and lower portions of the offa 
lemporum. The uppermeft part of the hairy fcalp is 
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termed the vertex or fontanella; the back part occiput ; the 
lateral parts the temples. The vertex is known from the oc¬ 
ciput by contorted hair, and from the temples by the ears. 
The; face comprehends all that portion of the furfaceof 
the head which lies between the hairy fcalp and tire neck, 
viz. tire forehead, eyebrows, palpebrae, eyes, nofe, mouth, 
chin, cheeks, and ears. The external parts of the eye are : 
the anterior portion of the globe of the eye, the membra- 
na conjunctiva, the cornea lucida, caruncula lachrymalis, 
angles of the palpebrae, and the cilia, or hairs of each pal- 
pebra. The internal parts are: the globe of the eye, the 
iris and pupil, the tunica fclerotica or cornea opaca, the 
choroides, arachnoides, cryftalline, vitreous humour, aque¬ 
ous humour, the anterior and pofterior chambers, the 
mufcles, and the optic nerve. The external parts of the 
car are: the great concha, the convex fide of this concha, 
or hinder part of the ear, the great border, the fold or 
helix, the concavity, the broad eminence or antihelix, 
the fmall anterior eminence or tragus, the fmall pofte- 
rior eminence or antitragus, the lobe or lower extre¬ 
mity of the ear, and the meatus. The external parts 
of the nofe are: the upper extremity or root of the nofe, 
the arch or back, the fides of that arch, the tip of the 
nofe, the ala:, the nares, and the feptum narium. The 
internal parts are, the cavity and bottom of the nares, 
the convolutions, the maxillary, fphenoidal, frontal, and. 
ethmoidal, dnufes. The external parts of the mouth are : 
the lips, one upper, the other lower, the angles or com- 
miflures of the lips, the border or edge of each lip, the 
fodula which runs from the feptum narium to the edge of 
the upper lip, and the tranfverfe fold which feparates the 
upper lip.from the chin. The internal parts of the mouth. 
are, the palate, the feptum palati, the uvula, the amygda¬ 
lae, gums, fraena of the lips, the tongue, its apex, roots 
fides, and fraenum. The other internal parts of the mouth, 
eye, nofe, and ear, fuch as the glands, membranes, mufcles, 
nerves, veins, Sec. mud be referred to the particular de- 
feriptions of thefe parts. The cheeks are tire lateral parts 
of the face, reaching downward from the eyes and tem¬ 
ples, between the nofe and ears. The upper prominent 
part of the cheek is commonly termed mala. The chin is 
the anterior protuberance, by which the lower part of the 
face is terminated, from whence it runs all the way to the 
neck. The under part of the chin is termed the bafs; 
and it is diftinguifned from the threat by a tranfverfe fold,, 
which reaches from.ear to ear. In the middle of the chin 
there is fometimes a foftula or deprefiion. 
The cranium comprehends all that portion of the head 
which reaches from the upper part of the orbit to the up¬ 
per and back part of the neck; at the fides it extends as 
low as the pafiages into the ears. It is lined internally by 
the dura mater, and divided by a procefs of that mem¬ 
brane into a large upper cavity and a fmall under one- 
The upper cavity contains the cerebrum, the under one 
contains the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. 
The neck, in general, is divided into the anterior part or 
throat, and pofterior part or nape. The throat begins by 
an eminence, and terminates by a foftula. The nape be¬ 
gins by a foftula, which, as it defeends, is gradually lort. 
The neck contains the larynx, a part of the trachea arte- 
ria, the pharynx, a part of the cefophagus, and a portion 
of the medulla fpinalis. 
By the thorax we commonly underftand all that part o.f 
the body which anfwers to the extent of the fternum, ribs, 
and vertebrae of the back, both outwardly and inwardly. 
The thorax is divided into the anterior part, called com¬ 
monly the breaf; the pofterior part, called the back; and 
the lateral parts, called the right and left fides. The ex¬ 
ternal parts of the thorax, belides the ikin and membrana 
adipofa, are principally the mammae, and the mufcles 
which cover the ribs and fill the fpaces between them. In 
the mammae we fee the papillae or nipples, and a fmall co¬ 
loured circle which furrounds them. The internal-parts of 
the thorax are contained in the large cavity of that portkm 
of the trunk which the ancients called the rpiddh venter \ 
feut 
