54° A N A 1 
bones are, two Ofla na'fi, two ofla unguis, two offa mala* 
rum, two ofla maxillaria, two ofla palati, two ofla fpon- 
giofa inferiora, and the vomer. The ojfa nafi are placed 
at the upper part of the nofe ; ojfa unguis are at the internal 
canthi of the orbits ; ojfa malarum form the prominence of 
tite cheeks ; ojfa maxillaria form the fide of the nofe, with 
the whole lower and fore-part of the upper jaw, and the 
greateft fhare of the roof of the mouth ; ojja. palati are fi- 
tuated at the back part of the palate, noftrils, and orbits; 
ojja fpongiofa are fcen in the lower part of the nares; and 
the vomer he lps to feparate thefe two cavities. 
The bones of the upper jaw are joined to the bones of 
the fkull by the fchindylefts and futures already defcribed as 
common to the cranium and face, and they are connected 
to each other by gomphofis and fifteen futures. The gom- 
•phofis is only where the teeth are fixed in their fockets, and 
the fchindelyfn is only where the edges of the vomer are 
joined to other bones. The futures of the face (formerly 
called harmonice) have not fuch confpicuous indentations 
as thofe of the fkull; the bones here not having fubflance 
enough for forming large indentations, and there being 
-lefs neceflity for fecurity againft external injuries, or any 
-internal protruding force, than in the cranium. Thefe 
futures often difappear in old people, by the bones run¬ 
ning into each other; which can do little prejudice, becaule 
•ihe principal ufe of the bones being fo numerous here, is to 
allow them to be extended into a proper form. 
Ojfa naf, are fo named, from their fituation at the root 
of the nofe. The lower edge of thefe bones is unequal, 
and is ft ret ched outwards and backwards, to join the car¬ 
tilages of the noftrils. Their anterior fide is thick, efpe- 
cially above, and unequal, that their conjunction to each 
other might be ftronger; and a fmall rifing may be re¬ 
marked on their inner edge, where they are fuftained by 
the feptum narium. Their pofterior fide has externally 
a depreffion, where it is a little overlapped by the maxillary 
bones, while its lower half covers thefe bones: by which 
■contrivance, they do not yield eafily to preflure applied to 
their fore-part or fides. The nafal bones are firm and 
folid, with very few cells of cancelli in them. They are 
joined above to the frontal bone, by the middle of the 
tranfverfe future; behind, to the maxillary bones, by the 
lateral nafal futures; below, to the cartilages of the nofe; 
before, to one another, by the anterior nafal future ; in¬ 
ternally, to the feptum narium. The ufe of thefe bones 
is to cover and defend the root of the nofe. in an infant 
•they are proportionally fhorter, and lefs thick at their up¬ 
per part, than in an adult ; but are otherwife complete. 
Ojfa unguis , or lacrymalia, are fo named, becaufe their 
figure and magnitude are nearly like thofe of a nail of one’s 
finger, and becaufe the tears pal's upon them into the nofe. 
Their external furface is compofed of two fmooth conca¬ 
vities and a middle ridge. The deprejjion behind forms a 
fmall ihare of the orbit for the eye-ball to move on ; and 
Khe one before is a deep perpendicular canal, or fejfa, larger 
above than below, containing part of the lacrymal fac and 
duct. This is the part that ought to be pierced in the great 
operation for the fiftula lacrymalis. This fofla of the bone 
is cribriform, or has a great number of fmall holes through 
it, that the filaments for the membrane which lines it infi- 
' nuating themfelves into thefe holes, might prevent a fepa- 
ration of the membrane, and fecure the bone in its natural 
fituation. The ridge between thefe two cavities of the os 
unguis is the proper boundary of the orbit at its internal 
canthus ; and beyond which furgeons ftiould not proceed 
backwards in performing operations here. The internal 
or pofterior furface of this bone conlifts of a furrow in the 
middle of two convexities. The JubJlance of the os unguis 
is as thin as paper, and very brittle ; which is the reafon 
that thofe bones are often wanting in Ikeletons, and need 
little force to pierce them in living fubjedts. Each of 
thefe bones is joined , above, to the frontal bone, by part of 
the tranfverfe future; behind, to the os planum of the eth¬ 
moid bone, by the fame future; before, and below, to the 
smaxillary bone, by the lacrymal future. Internally, the 
O M Y. 
ofla unguis cover fomc of the anus ethmoidales; nay, are 
really continuous with the bony lamellae which make up 
the tides of thefe cells ; .fo that they are as much part of 
the ethmoid bone as the ofla plana. Their fituation and 
tender fubflance make a rafti operator in danger of deftroy- 
ing a coniiderable fhare of the organ of fmelling, when he 
is performing the operation of the fiftula lacrymalis ; but, 
when thefe bones are hurt, they cafi off without much 
difficulty, and confequently the wound is foon cured, un- 
lels the patient labours under a general cacoethes, or there 
is a predifpofition in the bones to caries; in which cafe, 
a large train of bad fymptoms follow, or at belt the cure 
proves tedious. 
Ojfa malarum was the name given by Celfus to all"the 
upper jaw ; but is now appropriated to the prominent 
fquare bones which form the cheek on each fide. Before 
their furface is convex and fmooth ; backward, it is un¬ 
equal and concave, for lodging part of the crotaphyte 
mufcles. The four angles of each of thefe bones have 
been reckoned proceifes by fome authors. The one at 
the external canthus of the orbit, called the fuperior orbi. 
tar procefs, is the longeft and thickeft. The fecond ter¬ 
minates near the middle of the lower edge of the orbit in 
a fharp point, and is named the inferior orbitar procefs. 
The third, placed near the lower part of the cheek, and 
thence called maxillary , is the fliorteft and neareft to a 
right angle. The fourth, which is called zygomatic , be¬ 
caufe it is extended backwards to the zygoma of the tem¬ 
poral bone, ends in a point, and has one fide ftraight and 
the dther floping. Between the two orbitar angles there 
is a concave arch, which makes about a third of the ex¬ 
ternal circumference of the orbit, from which a fifth pro¬ 
cefs is extended backwards within the orbit, to form near 
one third of that cavity ; and hence it may be called the 
internal orbitar procefs. From the lower edge of each of 
the ofla malarum, which is between the maxillary and 
zygomatic proceifes, the mafleter mufcle takes its origin ; 
and from the exterior part of the zygomatic procefs, the 
mufculus diftortor oris rifes; in both which places the 
furface of the bone is rough. 
Each of the olfa malarum is joined, by its fuperior and 
internal orbitar proceifes, to the os frontis, and to the or¬ 
bitar procefs of the fphenokl bone, by the tranfverfe fu¬ 
ture ; by the edge between the internal and inferior orbitar 
proceifes, to the maxillary bone, by the external orbitar 
future; by the fide between the maxillary and inferior or¬ 
bitar procefs, again to the maxillary bone, by the external 
orbitar future ; by the zygomatic procefs, to the os tern- 
porum, by the zygomatic future. 
Ojfa maxillaria fuperiora are the largeft bones, and con- 
ftitute the far greater part, of the upper jaw, which has 
.appropriated the name of maxillaria to them. The proccjfcs 
of each os maxillare may be reckoned feven. The firft is 
the long nafal one at its upper and fore part, which is broad 
below, and turns fmaller as it rifes upwards, to make the 
fide of the nofe. At the root of this a tranfverfe ridge may 
be obferved within the noftrils, which fupports the fore 
part of the upper edge of the os fpongiofum inferius. The 
fecond is produced backwards and outwards, from the root 
of the nafal procefs, to form the lower fide of the orbit; 
and therefore may be called orbitar. The edge of this 
orbitar procefs, and the ridge of the nafal one, which is 
continued from it, make a confiderable portion of the ex¬ 
ternal circumference of the orbit. From the proper orbitar 
procefs, a very rough triangular furface is extended down¬ 
wards and outwards, to be connedied to the cheek-bone; 
and therefore may be called the molar procefs, from the 
loweft protuberant part of which fome Ihare of the mafleter 
mufcle takes its rife. Behind the orbitar procefs, a large 
tuberofity or bulge of the bone appears, which is efteemed 
the fourth procefs. On the internal part of this we often 
meet with a ridge, almoft of the fame height with that in 
the nafal procefs, which runs tranfverfely, and is covered 
by a iimilar ridge of the palate-bone, on which the back- 
part of the upper edge of the os fpongiofum inferius refts. 
That 
