ANATOMY. 
■whole of the cartilages of the third, fourth, fifth, fixth, 
and one-half of the feventh, are fixed : above a, the firft or 
upper triangular piece, to which the clavicle, and one half 
of the cartilage that connects the fecond rib, are fixed: 
below a, the extremity, or third piece, of the fternum, 
named ca.rtilo.go cnfformis, to which one half of the carti¬ 
lage that connedts the feventh rib is fixed. b, The fe¬ 
venth or laft true rib. c, The twelfth or laft of the five 
fall'e ribs. d, The five lumbar vertebne, with their in¬ 
termediate cartilages: oppolite to d, their tranlverfe pre¬ 
cedes. e, The os facrum, with its five divifions. /, Os 
innominatum, divided into g, Os ilium; h, Os pubis; i, 
Os ifchium : oppofite to i, tlfe foramen thyroideum. 
Superior Extremity, a, The clavicle fixed before, 
to the firft piece of the fternum, and outwards to the acro¬ 
mion of the fcapula. b, The fcapula : above b, the cer¬ 
vix of the fcapula : oppofite to it, the inferior cofta; and, 
below the outward extremity of the clavicle, the fuperior 
cofta, and coracoid procefs, are feen. c, The os humeri: 
the upper end of it, which is connected to the cavity of 
the fcapula, named glenoid, below the acromion, is named 
its head or ball-, on each fide of which is feen a tubercle, 
named external and internal ; and, between thefe, a groove 
for lodging the long head of the biceps flexor cubiti. d. 
The internal condyle, e, The external condyle: between 
d and c, the trochlea, upon which the ulna moves, f, The 
radius : the upper end, tvhich moves on the external con¬ 
dyle of the os humeri, is named its head-, below that, the 
tubercle for the infertion of the biceps flexor cubiti, and 
between thefe the cervix : the inferior end of it is connect¬ 
ed to the carpus. g. Ulna: the upper end of it forms the 
coronoid procefs for the infertion of the brachylismufcle: 
the inferior end has a procefs named Jlyloid, which is con¬ 
nected to the carpus by a ligament, h, The carpus, form¬ 
ed of eight bones, i. Metacarpal bone of thumb, k, The 
metacarpal bones of the four fingers. I, The two joints 
of the thumb, m, The three joints or phalanges of the 
fore-finger; and the fame are feen in each of the other three. 
Inferior Extremity, a , Os femoris: the upper 
end of it is named its head or ball, which is lodged in a 
deep focket of the os innominatum, named acetabulum : 
between the head and trochanter major, the cervix. b, 
Trochanter major, c, Trochanter minor, d. Internal 
condyle, e, External condyle. f Patella: the place where 
it moves upon the os femoris, is named trochlea, g, Tibia: 
between the tibia and the condyles of the os femoris, the 
femilunar cartilages are feen; and, below the joint, the 
tubercle of the tibia, h, Fibula, i, Malleolus internus. 
A, Malleolus externus. I, Os calcis: between /and in, the 
other fix bones of the tarfus. m, Metatarfal bones of the 
four toes, n. The three joints, or phalanges, of the four 
toes, o, Metatarfal bone of the great toe. p, The two 
joints of the great toe. 
BACK VIEW. 
Head and Nf.ck. a , Os parietale, joined to its fellow 
by the fagittal future, b . The os occipitis, joined to the 
parietal bones by the lambdoid future, which is between 
a and b . c , Os malae. d, Maxilla inferior, with a view 
«f the teeth of both jaws from behind, e . The feven cer¬ 
vical vertebrae. 
Trunk, a, The feventh or laft true rib. b . The 
twelfth or laft rib. c % The five lumbar vertebrae, d. Os 
facrum. e , Os coccygis. f , Os innominatum, divided in¬ 
to g. Os ilium; h. Os pubis; i, Os ifchium. 
Superior Extremity, a , The clavicle, joined out¬ 
wards to the acromion of the fcapula. b . The fcapula. 
r, Oshumeri. d. Internal condyle, e , External condyle. 
/, Radius, g, Ulna: its upper end, named olecranon ; and, 
near the wrift, its ftyloid procefs. h. The eight bones of 
the carpus, i, The metatarfal bone of the thumb, h , 
The metatarfal bone of the four fingers. I, The two joints 
of the thumb, m, The three joints or phalanges of the 
four fingers. 
Inferior Extremity, a, Osferaoris. £,Trochan- 
Vox. I. No. 36. 
561 
ter major, and at the infide pf it the cervix, c, Troehan- 
ter minor, d, Internal condyle, e, External condyle, f, 
Tibia, g, Fibula, h, Malleolus internus. i, Malleolus 
externus. h, The feven bones of the tarfus. /, The me^ 
tatarfus. m , The joints or phalanges of the toes. 
Of the MUSCLES. 
THE mufcles are the organs of motion in the humatt 
body; though motion is not wholly performed by one indi¬ 
vidual organ. In every animal and vegetable fibre, even 
in hair, feathers, membranes, the cellular texture, and irt 
the humid mufcular fibre, in fliort, in animal and vegeta¬ 
ble gluten, there is a contractile or elaftic power which 
preferves the fibre in its natural ftate, preventing it from 
being too much extended, and reftoring it again to its 
proper dimenfions when the ftretching power is remov¬ 
ed. This power never ceafes endeavouring to bring the 
elementary particles into the clofeft contact that the me- 
chanifm of the part can admit. It continues even many 
days after death; fo that fibres of a divided mufcle con¬ 
trail; towards each extremity, leaving a wide gap in the 
middle. An artery, when cut, likewife contrails itfelf in 
length. This force may be called vis mortua, becaufe it 
continues to be efficacious after death, and is different from 
the powers of life. In the living animal, indeed, it is 
fomewhat brilker ; for, both from cold and fear, the flrin 
trembles, grows harder, and has its papillae ereited; and 
along with this luirdnefsit contrails itfelf in length. Again, 
the cellular fibres are animated with this perpetual niftts 
to fliorten, always endeavouring to contrail themfelves. 
Hence, when the (kin or any other membrane is extended, 
as foon as the caufe of extenfion is taken off, it returns by 
a gentle effort to its former Ihortnefs. But it even fome¬ 
what refills the attempt to perpetual diftenfion; and, by x 
gentle, but continual, approach of its elements to one ano¬ 
ther, it propels the contained fat, or water, or other bo¬ 
dies accidently introduced into it. The fame power alfo 
feems to limit the excretion of vapour; for the fibres and 
plates of the cellular texture being preternaturally relaxed, 
an immerife quantity, either of fat or of watery humour, is 
depofited in that texture. And this debility feems to be 
the principal caufe of a dropfy. The fame caufe being 
always efficacious, and at work in the heart, joints, and 
every where throughout the body ef the embryo, brings 
into nearer contadl the arteries, auricles, and ventricles; 
produces flexures ; and contradls the heart into the form 
of a cone. The fame caufe, by an unknown or hidden 
power, feems to form the fhape of moft parts of the hu¬ 
man body; and, while it expels the gluten received into 
the cells, it brings the terreftrial particles nearer to one 
another, and gives the proper folidity, curvature, and fi- 
tuation, to the different parts. It is the nature of this 
power to acl continually by gentle but uninterrupted ef¬ 
forts. It is common for it alfo to be excited by poifons, 
in every membrane, fibre, and in the cellular texture; but 
never by cutting v or pundturing with a ftiarp inftrument. 
Thefe are the known properties of the red mufcular fibre. 
The ftrudlureof this fibre, therefore, we fliall now conlider. 
By the name of mufcular or moving fores in the human 
body, we call bundles of reddifh-coloured threads, which 
perform all the motions vifible in the human body. When 
many of thefe fibres are colledled together, and appear 
more evidently red, they are called -a mufcle. The ex¬ 
treme fimplicity of the texture in thefe parts has been the 
caufe of the obfeurity in underftanding how a fmall loft 
portion of flelh can produce fu.ch ftrong and ample mo¬ 
tions as we fee in man, and more efpecially in the crufta- 
ceous infedls. In every mufcle we meet with long foft 
threads of fibres, fomewhat elaftic, or extenfible, and al» 
moft conftantly difpofed parallel with’ each other; and 
thefe, being furrour.ded with a good deal of cellular fub- 
ftance, are by that faftened together into little bundles, 
called lacertuli-, which are again tied together into larger 
bundles, by a more loofc cellular net-work, that contains 
fome fat; and between thefe we conftantly perceive mem. 
7 T) hranous 
