ANATOMY. 
57 ° 
part. 2. Levator palati, arifes from tire extremity of the 
pars petrofa of the temporal bone, and isinferted into the 
v hole length of the velum pendulum palati, as far as the 
root of the uvula, and unites with its fellow. Its ufe is 
to draw tire velum upwards and backwards, fo as to Unit 
the pafiage from the fauces into the mouth and nofe. 
Before we delcribethe mufcles fitu.ated about the paffage 
into the throat, it will be neceffary to mention tire princi¬ 
pal parts to which they are connefted. Upon looking in¬ 
to any perfon’s month, we fee a loft curtain hanging from 
the palate-bones, named velum pendulum palati. In the 
middle of which we likewife obferve a papilla projecting 
from t he velum, named uvula., or pap of the throat. From 
each fide of the uvula, at its root, two arches, or columns, 
are lent down ; the anterior to the root of the tongue, the 
posterior to the pharynx.^ Between thefe arches, on each 
fide, the cellular glands called amygdala, or almonds of the 
ears, are fituated. The common opening behind the an¬ 
terior arch may be named fauces, or top of the throat, from 
which there are fix pafl'ages, viz. two upwards, being one 
to each ncftril: two at the fides, or one to each ear, called 
the Evflachiantubes two downwards; the anterior is the 
pafiage through the glottis and larynx, into the trachea, 
which terminates in the lungs; the pofierior is the largell, 
named pharynx, or top of the cefephagus, which leads to the 
flomach. 
Muscles at the entry to the Fauces. —There are 
two on each fide, and a fi’ngle one in the middle. The two 
on^each fide are, i. Conjlriclor ifhinifacium, arifes from the 
11 cl e of the tongue, npar its root; front thence runningup- 
ward§ within the anterior arch, before the amygdala, it is 
inferted into the middle of the velum pendulum palati, at 
the root of the uvula anteriorly, being connected with its 
fellow, and with the beginning of the palato pharyngeus. 
It draws the velum toward the root of the tongue, w hich 
it raifes at the fame time, and, with its fellow, contracts 
the pafiage between the two arches, by which it flints the 
opening into the fauces. 2. P alato-pharyngcus, arifes from 
the middle of the velum pendulum palati, at the root of 
the uvula pofteriorly, and from the tendinous expanlion 
of the circumflexus palati. It is inferted into the edge of 
the upper and back part of the thyroid cartilage ; fomeof 
its fibres being loft between the membrane of the pharynx 
and the two inferior conftriftors. It draws the uvula and 
velum downwards and backwards; and at the fame time 
pulls the thyroid cartilage and pharynx upwards, and ftiort- 
ens it; with the conftridtor fuperior and tongue, it affifts 
in fhutting the paffage into the noftrils; and, in fwallow- 
ing, it thrufts the food from the fauces into the pharynx. 
The one in the middle is the azygos uvula, which arifes 
from the extremity of the future that joins the palate- 
bones ; runs down the whole length of the velum and 
uvula; and is inferted into the tip of the uvula. It raifes 
the uvula upwards.and forwards, and fhortensit. 
Muscles on the posterior part of the Pharynx. 
—Of thefe there are. three pair. 1. Conflri&or pharyngis 
inferior, arifes from the fide of the thyroid cartilage, near 
the attachment of the fterno-hyoideusand thyreo-hyoideus 
mufcles. It is the largell of the three, and is inferted in¬ 
to the white line, where it joins with its fellow ; the fupe¬ 
rior fibres running obliquely upwards, covering nearly one 
half of the middle conftriclor, and terminating in a point; 
the inferior fibres run more tranfverfelv, and cover the be¬ 
ginning of the oefophagus. Its ufe is to comprefs that part 
of the pharynx which it covers, and to raife it with the 
larynx a little upwards. 2. Conftriclor pharyngis medius, ari¬ 
fes from the appendix of the os hyoides, and from the li¬ 
gament which connects it to the thyroid cartilage. It is 
inferted into the middle of the cuneiform procefs of the 
os occipitis, before the foramen magnum, and ferves to 
comprefs that part of the pharynx which it covers, and to 
draw it and the os hyoides upwards. 3. ConftriElor pharyn¬ 
gis fuperior, arifes from the cuneiform procefs of the os oc¬ 
cipitis, before the foramen magnum; and, between the 
jaws, it is continued with the buccinator niufcle; and 
with fome fibres from the root of the tongue, and from 
the palate. It is inferted into the middle of the pharynx, 
where it joins with its fellow, and is covered by the con- 
ftriftor medius. It ferves to comprefs the upper part of 
the pharynx, and draw it forwards and upwards. 
Muscles about the Glottis. —They conlifigeneral¬ 
ly of four pair of fmall mufcles, and a (ingle one. 1. Cri - 
co-arytcenoideus pojlicus, arifes from the back-part, of the 
cricoid cartilage, and is inferted into the pofierior part of 
the bale of the arytenoid cartilage. Its ufe is to open the 
rima glottidis, and, by pulling back the arytenoid carti¬ 
lage, to firetch the ligament fo as to make it tenfe. 2. 
Crico-arytanoideus lateralis, arifes from the cricoid cartilage-, 
laterally, where it is covered by part of the thyroid, and 
is inferted into the fide of the bafe of the arytenoid carti- 
.lage near the former, it ferves to open the rima glottidis, 
by pulling the ligaments from eachother. 3. Thyreo-ary. 
tcenoideus, arifes fram the under and back part of the mid¬ 
dle ol the thyroid cartilage; and, running backwards and a 
little upwards, along the fide of the glottis, is inferred into 
the arytenoid cartilage, higher up and farther forwards 
titan the crico-arytsenoideus lateralis. It ferves to pull the 
arytenoid cartilage forwards, and confequently to fhorten 
and relax the ligament of the larynx or glottis vent. 4. 
Arytanoideus cbliquus, arifes from the bafe of one arytenoid 
cartilage ; and, eroding its fellow, is inferted near the tip 
of the other arytenoid cartilage. When both aft, they 
pull the arytenoid cartilages towards each other. One of 
thefe is very often wanting. 
The (ingle mttfcle is the arytanoideus tranftverfus. It 
arifes from the fide of one arytenoid cartilage, from near 
its articulation with the cricoid to near its tip. The fibres 
run firaight acrofs, and are inferted, in the fame manner, 
into the other arytenoid cartilage. Its ufe is to fiiut the 
rima glottidis, by bringing thefe two cartilages, with the 
ligaments, nearer one another. 
Beiides thefe, there are a few feparate mufcular fibres on 
each lide ; which, from their general diredtion, are na¬ 
med, 1. Thyrco-epiglottideus, arifes, by a few pale feparated 
fibres, from the thyroid cartilage; and is inferted into the 
epiglottis laterally. Its ufe is to draw the epiglottis down¬ 
wards, and, at the fame time, it expands that foft cartilage. 
2. Aryiano-epiglollideus, arifes from the lateral and upper 
part of the arytenoid cartilage; and, running along the 
outer fide of the external rima, is inferted into the epi¬ 
glottis along with the former. Its ufe is to pull that fide of 
the epiglottis towards the external rima; or, when both 
a’6t, to pull it clofe upon the glottis. It is counteracted by 
the elafticity of the epiglottis. 
Muscles on the anterior part of the Abdomen. 
—They confift of three broad layers on each fide of the 
belly; always a long one, and generally a fhort one, on each 
fide of the lineanlba. The three layers are, 1. Obliquus 
defeendens externus, arifes, by eight heads, from the lower 
edges of an equal number of inferior ribs, at a little dif- 
tance from their cartilages : it always intermixes in a fer- 
rated manner, with portions of the ferratus major antiens; 
and generally coheres to the pecloralis major, intercoftals, 
and latillirrtus dorfi : which laft covers the edge of a por¬ 
tion of it extended from the laft rib to the fpine of the os 
ilium. It is inferted into the whole length of the linea 
alba-, becomes thicker towards the lower part of the ab¬ 
domen, and is perforated in the middle by the umbilicus. 
On the outfide of the refills mufcle, the tendon of the 
external oblique appears whiter than elfewhere, by its be¬ 
ing there connected with the tendons of the internal oblique 
and tranfverfe mufcles; fo that this part has been called 
linea femilunaris, from its curved fliape. The under part 
of the tendon divides into two columns, which leaves an 
oval fpace between them, named the ring of the external 
oblique mufcle, for the pafiage of the fpermatic cord in 
the male, or round ligament of the womb. From that 
part, which is named its anterior fuperior fpinous procefs, it 
is llretched tendinous to the os pubis, and is named Pou- 
part's or Fallopius's ligament. From this ligament it fend s 
a tendinou s 
