574 ANATOMY. 
lumbalis, arifes, in common, with the longiflimus dorfi; 
and is infected, into all the ribs, where they begin to be 
curved forwards; and from the upper part of the fix or 
eight lower ribs, arife as many bundles of thin flefhy fibres, 
which foon terminate in the inner fide of this mufcle. Its 
ufe is to pull the ribs down, and aflifl to ere£t the trunk 
of the body. There is a flefhy flip, which runs from the 
upper part of this mufcle into the fourth, fifth, and fixth, 
tranverfe proceffes cf the vertebrae of the nqck, by three 
diflinft tendons : it is named cervicalis dejcendtns ; and its 
ufe is to turn the neck obliquely backwards, and to one 
fide. On the neck are, i. Complexus, arifes from the tranf- 
verfe proceffes of the feven fliperior vertebrae of the back, 
and four inferior of the neck; in its afcent it receives a 
flefhy flip from the fpinous procefs of the firft vertebra of 
the back ; and is inferred into the inferior edge of the pro¬ 
tuberance in the middle of the os occipitis, and into a 
part of the curved line that runs forwards from that pro¬ 
tuberance. Its ufe is to draw the head backwards, and to 
one fide; and, when both act, to draw the head diredtly 
backwards. The long portion of this mufcle that is fitu- 
ated next the fpinous proceffes, lies more loofe, and has 
a roundifli tendon in the middle of it ; for which reafon 
Albinus calls it bivrenter cervicis. 2. Trachdo-mafoidcus, 
arifes from the tranfverfe procelfes of the three uppermoft 
vertebrae of the back, and from the five lowermofl of the 
neck, where it is connefted to the tranfverfalis cervices ; 
and is infected into the middle of the poflerior fide of the 
maftoid procefs. Its ufe is to aflifl the complexus; but it 
pulls the.head more to a fide. 3. Levator fcapuice, arifes 
from the tranfverfe proceffes of the five fuperior vertebras 
of the neck; and is inferted into the fuperior angle of 
the fcapula. It pulls the fcapula upwards, and a little 
forwards. 
The fourth layer confifts of two pair on the back, two 
on the poflerior part of the neck, four fmall pair fituated 
immediately below the poflerior part of the occiput, and 
three on the fide of the neck. On the back are, 1. Semi- 
Jpinalis dorf, arifes from the tranfverfe procelfes of the 
feventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, vertebra; of the back, 
by as many diltinft tendons; and are inferted into the 
fpinous proceffes of all the vertebras of the back above 
the eighth, and into the two lowermofl of the neck, by as ' 
many tendons, which'ferve to extend the fpine obliquely 
backwards. 2. Multifidus fpince, arifes from the fide and 
fpinous proceffes of the os facrum, and from the poflerior 
part of the os ilium, where it joins with the facrum; from 
all the oblique and tranfverfe proceffes of the vertebras of 
the loins ; from all the tranfverfe proceffes of the verte¬ 
brae of the back, and from thofe of the neck, except the 
three firft, by as many diftinbt tendons, which run in an 
oblique direction; and are inferted into all the fpinous 
procelfes of the vertebrae of the loins, of the back, and 
of the neck, except the firft. When the different portions 
of tliis mufcle act on one fide, they extend the back ob¬ 
liquely, or move-it laterally ; but, if they aft together on 
both fides, they extend the vertebrae backwards. On the 
poflerior part of the neck are, 1. Semi-fpinalis colli, arifes 
from the tranfverfe proceffes of the uppermoft fix vertebrae 
of the back, by as many diftinCt tendons, afeending ob¬ 
liquely under the complexus, and inferted into the fpinous 
proceffes of all the vertebras of the neck, except the firft 
and the laft. Its ufe is to extend the neck obliquely back¬ 
wards. 2. Tranfverfalis colli, arifes from the tranfverfe 
proedfes of the five uppermoft vertebras of the back, by 
as many tendinous and flefliy origins ; runs between the 
trachelo-maftoideus, and fplenius colli and cervicalis de- 
feendens, and 's inferted into the tranfverfe proceffes of all 
tiie cervical vertebrae, except the firft and the laft. Its 
ufe is to turn the neck obliquely backward, and a little to 
one fide. Below the poflerior part of the occiput are, 
1. RcElus capitis peficus major, arifes from the external part 
of the fpinous procefs of the fecond vertebra of the neck ; 
and grows broader in its afcent, which is obliquely out¬ 
wards. It is inferted into the os occipitis, neai; the redtus 
capitis lateralis and the infection of the obliquus capitis 
fupenor; and ferves to pull the head backwards, and to 
^ 5 '? a ^“lem.its rotation. 2 . ReMus capitis pnficus minor, 
arifes clofe to its fellow, from a little protuberance in the 
middle of the back part of the firft vertebra of the neck 
its outer edge being covered by the reftus major; and is 
inferted into the fides of a dimple in the os occipitis, near 
its foramen magnum. Its ufe is to affifi the redtus major 
in moving the head backwards. 3. Obliquus capitis fupe- 
■nor, arifes from the tranfverfe procefs of the firft verte¬ 
bra of the neck; and is inferted into the os occipitis behind 
the back-part of the maftoid procefs of the temporal bone 
and under the infertion of the complexus mufcle Its ufe 
is to draw the head backwards. 4. Obliquus capitis inferior, 
strifes from the fpinous procefs of the fecond vertebra of 
the neck; and is inferted into the tranfverfe procefs of the 
firft vertebra of the neck. Its ufe is to give'a rotatory mo¬ 
tion to the head. On the fide of the neck are, 1. Scalenus 
amicus arifes from the fourth, fifth, and fixth, tranfverfb 
procefles of the firft vertebra of the neck; and is inferted 
into the upper fide of the firft rib near its cartila°-e 2 Sea 
lenus medius, arifes from all the tranfverfe procelfes of the 
vertebias of the neck, by as many ftrong tendons • the 
nerves to the fuperior extremity pafs between it and the 
former. It is inferted into the upper and outer part of the 
firft rib, from its root, to within the diftance of an inch 
from ns cartilage. 3. Scalenus poficus, arifes from the fifth 
and fixth tranfverfe proceffes of the vertebra of the neck 
and .s inferted into the upper edge of the fecond rib, not 
far from the fpine. The ufe of the three fealeni is, to 
be nd the neck to one fide ; or, when the neck is fixed to 
elevate the ribs, and to dilate the thorax. 
There are alfo a number of fmall mufcles fituated be¬ 
tween the fpinous and tranfverfe procefles of contiguous 
vertebra;; which are accordingly named, 1. Interfpinales 
colli. 1 he fpace between the fpinous procefles of the ver¬ 
tebrae of the neck, moft of which are bifurcated, is filled 
up with flefhy portions; which arife from the fpinous pro¬ 
cefs of the inferior vertebrae of the neck; and afeend to be 
infertdd into the fpinous procefs ot the fuperior vertebra. 
They are five in number, and their ufe is to draw thefe 
procefles nearer to each other. 2. lntertranfverfales colli. 
They begin from the tranfverfe procefs of the firft verte¬ 
bra ot the back, and fill up the fpaces between the tranfi- 
verfe procelfes of the vertebra; of the neck, which are like- 
wife bifurcated; and, confequently, there are fix diftinft 
double mufcles, which arife from the inferior tranfverfe 
procefs of each vertebra of the neck, and firft of the back, 
and are inferted into the fuperior tranfverfe proceffes. 
They ferve to draw thefe proceffes towards each other, and 
tin 11 the neck a little to one fide. 3, 4, 5. Interfpinales 
dorfi et lumborum, and the intcrtravfverfales derfi, are rather 
linall tendons than mufcles, ferving to connect the fpinal 
and tranfverfe proceffes. 6 . lntertranfverfales lumborum , 
are four diftindt fmall bundles of flefli, which fill up the 
fpaces between the tranfverfe procefles of the vertebra; of 
the loins, and ferve to draw them towards each other. 
Muscles of the Superior Extremities. —.Thefe 
may be divided into the mufcles that are fituated on the 
fcapula, on the os humeri, on the cubit or fore-arm, and 
on the hand. The mufcles fituated on the fcapula, are 
called mufcles of the os humeri-, and are three behind, one 
along its inferior coda, two before, and one beneath it. 
Behind are, 1. Svprafpinatus, arifes from all that part of 
the bale of the fcapula that is above its fpine; alfo from 
the fpine and fuperior cofta; pafles under the acromion, 
and adheres to the capfular ligament of (he os humeri. It 
is inferted into that part of the large protuberance on the 
head of the os humeri that is next the groove for lodging 
the tendon of the long head of the biceps. Its ufe ?s to 
raife the arm upwards; and, at the fame time, to pull the 
capfular ligament from between the bones, that it may not 
be pinched. 2. hfrafpinatus, arifes from all that part of 
the bafe of the fcapula that is between its fpine and infe¬ 
rior angle; from the fpine as far as the cervix of the fca.- 
