582 A N A T 
part of the flexors of the fingers and thumb, part of the 
adduflor pollicis, and the whole of the- addu6lor minimi 
digiti, are feen. 
Inferior Extremity, a, Glutaeus minimus, b, Ob¬ 
turator internus; its flefhy belly is feen within the pelvis: 
beneath b, the tendon of the obturator externus. c, Semi- 
niembranofus. d, The fhort head of the biceps flexor 
cruris, e, Triceps magnus. f Gracilis: in the ham, the 
origins of the two- heads of the gaffrocnemius externus 
and plantaris are feen. g, Poplitaeus. h, Tibialis pofti- 
qus. i, F'lexor longus digitorum pedis, k, Flexor polli¬ 
cis longus. /, Peronaeus longus, running down to be in- 
ferted into the metatarfal bone of the little toe : beneath 
it, the peronieus brevis, palling to the foie of the foot. 
m, Extenfor brevis digitorum pedis, n, Part of the flexor 
longus digitorum pedis. 
MUSCLES of the EYE. 
Fig. i. reprefents the right Eye-ball, and the fix Muf- 
■cles which move it, taken out of the orbit, with the Optic 
Nerve, a, The eye-ball, b, Optic nerve, c, Mufculus 
trochlearis, feu obliquus fuperior. d, The trochlea, or 
pulley, with a piece of the os frontis, through which the 
tendon of the mufcle pafles towards the eye-ball, e, Ob¬ 
liquus inferior, with a piece of the fuperior maxillary bone, 
from whence it arifes. f Levator oculi. g, Depreflbr 
-oculi. h, Adduflor ocuii. i, Abdudtor oculi. 
MUSCLES of the FOOT. 
Fig. 2. reprefents the firfi Layer of Mufcles on the Sole 
of the Foot, after the Aponeurofis Plantaris has been ta¬ 
ken away, a, Abduftor pollicis pedis, bb, Abduflor mi¬ 
nimi digiti pedis, c, Flexor brevis digitorum pedis, which 
fplits into' four tendons, that are perforated by the tendons 
of the flexor longus digitorum pedis 1 : between thefe ten¬ 
dons the lumbricales* are feen. d, Tendon of the flexor 
pollicis longus : and beneath it, the flexor pollicis brevis. 
e, Tranfverfalis pedis. 
Fig. 3. reprefents the fecond Layer of Mufcles on the 
Sole of the Foot, after the Abduflor Pollicis Pedis, and 
Abduftcr Minimi Digiti Pedis, and t-he Flexor Brevis Di¬ 
gitorum Pedis, have "been taken away, a, Tendon of the 
fl-exor longus digitorum pedis, bb, Flexor accefforius, feu 
malfa carnea Jacobi Sylvii. cccc , The four lumbricales 
arifinVg from the tendons of the flexor longus digitorum. 
dd, Tendon of the flexor pollicis longus ; which, in its 
progrefs, joins the tendon of the flexor longus digitorum 
pedis, e, Tendon of the tibialis anticus. f Tendon of 
the peronaeus longus. g, Tendon of the peronaeus brevis. 
h , Flexor pollicis brevis, with a portion of the abduftor 
pollicis, on the inftde of the great toe : on the outfide of 
f, is the adduiftor pollicis. h, Flexor brevis minimi di¬ 
giti pedis. I, A ligament which fupports the bones of the 
tarfus : before /, two of the interoflei are feen. m, Tranf¬ 
verfalis pedis. 
CARTILAGES and LIGAMENTS of the JOINTS, &c. 
The condyloid proteffes of the os occipitis, the glenoid 
cavities or articular foflltlae-af theoffa temporum, the emi¬ 
nences next thefe cavities, and the condyloid proceffes of 
the lower jaw, are all covered over with very white and 
fmooth cartilages; and there is likewife an inter-articular 
•or moveable cartilage in each articulation of the lower jaw 
with the temporal bones. Befides thefe there are other 
cartilages of the bones of the head, viz. the cartilaginous 
feptum, an.d cartilages of the nofe, the fmall cartilaginous 
pulley in each orbit, the cartilages of the outer ear, and 
thofe which are joined to the os hvoides. The ligaments 
of the bones of the head are, thofe of the articulation of 
the lower jaw with the temporal bones ; thofe between the 
occipital bone and vertebrae of the neck; and thofe by 
which the os hyoides is connefled to the ffyloid procefs. 
Ligaments of the Lower Jaw and Temporal 
Bones.— Ligamentum capfulare , are fixed by one extremity 
.round the glenoid or articular ioffula and eminence of each 
O M Y. 
temporal bone; by their middle round the inter-articular 
cartilage, and by their other extremity round each condyle 
of the lower jaw, in fuch a manner as to allow the inter¬ 
mediate cartilage to follow the motions of the condyles, 
and to change their lituation from the glenoid cavities to 
the tubercles of the zygomatic precedes. Ligamentum la- 
terale maxillae inferiors, arifes from the inner furface of the 
angle of the lower jaw, and is fixed to the root of the fly. 
loid procefs, and to the poflerior margin .of the articular 
cavity of the temporal bone. It affiils in keeping the jaw 
in its proper place. 
Ligaments of the Occipital Bone and Vertebra 
of the Neck. — Ligamenta capfularia, arife from the edges 
of the condyloid procefs of the os occipitis, and are fixed 
to the edges of the fuperior oblique proceiles of the firfi 
vertebra. Ligamentum latum anlerius, arifes from the fore¬ 
part of the foramen magnum occipitis, and runs down to 
the anterior arch of the firfi vertebra of the neck. Liga- 
mentum latum poferius, arifes from the poflerior margin of 
the foramen magnum occipitis, and is inferted into the- 
upper part of the poflerior arch of the firfi vertebra. LL 
gamentum procef us odontoidis feu perpendiculare, arifes from 
the fore-part of the foramen magnum, and runs down to 
be fixed to the proceffus dentatus of the fecond vertebra. 
It aflifls in fixing the head to the fpine, but is twifled in 
the rotation. Ligamenta later alia, are two flrong ligaments, 
■which run from each fide of the proceffus dentatus to be 
fixed to the inner fide of the firfi vertebra, and to the edge 
of the foramen magnum. Ligamentum cervicale feu nuchtz , 
arifes from the fpinous procefs of the os occipitis, and 
gives origin to part of the trapezius mufcle. 
The bones of the head, as well as all the other bones 
of the body, are covered by a particular membrane : but 
that which covers the cranium is termed pericranium, while 
that furrounding the other bones are called fimply periof 
teum. The internal flruclure of the bones of the head 
being for the mod part cellular, they contain alfo d iff in ft 
portions of marrow included in membranous cells lying 
in the diploe. The fynovial glands of the maxillary and 
occipital articulations have nothing particular to them ; 
they are proportioned to the joints to which they belong, 
and lie between the capfular ligaments and circumference 
of the cartilages. 
The cartilages of the vertebrae are of two kinds; one 
proper to each vertebra, the .other common to two verte¬ 
brae that lie next each other. The firfi may be termed carti¬ 
lages of articulation ; the others, cartilages offympliyfis. The 
proper articular cartilages of each vertebra of the fpine, 
are thofe four which cover the furfaces of the oblique 
proceffes. In thefirft v.ertebra.of the neck, and vertebrae 
of the loins, thefe cartilages are thicker than in the reft. 
The firfi vertebra of the neck has a cartilaginous covering 
on the back-part of the anterior arch, correfponding with 
another on the fore-fide of the proceffus dentatus of the 
next vertebra; fo that each of thofe two vertebrae has five 
articular cartilages-. The vertebrae of the back, befides 
the four cartilages of their oblique proceffes, have others 
which do not belong to their articulations with.each other, 
viz. thofe that cover the lateral foflula in the bodies of 
thefe vertebrae, and the foffulae of their tranfverfe pro¬ 
ceffes, by both of which they are articulated with the ribs. 
The cartilages of fymphyfis lie between the bodies of 
the vertebrae, uniting them clofely together ; their breadth 
and circumference anfw&ring exactly to that of the fur- 
faces to which they are connected; but their height or 
thicknefs is different in each clafs of the vertebras. The 
internal flruflure of thefe cartilages is different from that 
of all the other cartilages of the body. When we view 
their circumferences only, they feem to be one uniform 
mafs, as the others generally are; but, when they are di¬ 
vided by an incifion parallel to that furface of the verte¬ 
brae to which they are joined, we fee they are compofed of 
many cartilaginous concentrical lamellae contained within 
each other. The mod external lamellae are fibrous, thickeft, 
and firmefl, and feparated by confiderable intervals : the 
z ... internal 
