5S4 A N A T O M Y. 
ling round the fternal extremity of the clavicle, and from ment ties the two bones together, and gives infertion to 
thence palling over the inter-articular cartilage, are in- mufcles. In the fupination of the hand, it is ftretched ; 
ferted round the clavicular cavity of the fternum. Liga- and in the pronation, it is relaxed. 
mentum rhomboideutn, arifes from the inferior rough furtace Ligaments of the inferior extremity of the 
at the anterior extremity of the clavicle, and, running ob- Bones of the Fore Arm. — Ligamentum capfulare, arifes 
liquely, is fixed to the cartilage of the firlt rib. Ligamenta round the edge of the glenoid cavity of the lower end of 
capfularia poftica. The articulation of the fcapulary end the radius and head of the ulna. It is fixed to the carti- 
of the clavicle with the acromion, is ftrengthened quite laginous edges of the three fil'd bones of the carpus. Li- 
round by thick ftrong ligaments which go from one bone gamentum capfulare feu facciforme, arifes from the edges of 
to the other. Ligamentum trapezoideunfcapula., arifes from the femilunar cavity, at the under end of the radius, and 
the internal furface of the coracoid procefs of the fcapula, furrounds the head of the ulna. Ligamenta duo travfverfa , 
and ends at the po fieri or extremity of the clavicle. Liga- One of thefe arifes from the ftyloid procefs at the under 
mentum conoideum fcapula, arifes from the root of the cora- end of the radius, and is inferted into the os naviculare. 
coid procefs, and is inferted into the rough protuberance The other arifes from the ftyloid procefs at the lower 
of the pofterior extremity of the fcapula. Ligamentum end of the ulna, and is fixed to the os cuneiforme and 
proprium fcapula anticum, arifes-from the external furface 
of the coracoid procefs, and is fixed to the pofterior mar¬ 
gin of the acromion. Ligamentum proprium fcapula poficum, 
arifes from the middle of the fuperior margin, and termi¬ 
nates at the root of the coracoid procefs. Under this li¬ 
gament the veftels and nerves pafs to the fhoulder. 
Ligaments between the Scapula and Os Humeri. 
«—Ligamentum capjulare humeri, arifes from the w hole mar¬ 
gin of the glenoid cavity of the fcapida, and is fixed round 
the under end of the neck of the os humeri, lootely inclo- 
fing the head of this bone. The upper part of the liga¬ 
ment fends down a (heath between the two tuberofities of 
the humerus, over the tendon of the long head of the 
biceps mufcle, which it accompanies as far as the ftefiiy 
part, and prevents it from Hiding out of the groove in 
which it is placed. The capfular ligament is ftrengthened 
by other ligamentous bands, which adhere firmly to its 
anterior furface. 
Ligaments of the Joint of the Elbow'. — Ligamen. 
turn capfulare, arifes from the lower end of the os humeri, 
above the edge of the cartilaginous furface, and is fixed 
to the top of the ulna round the edge of the great figmoid 
cavity, including both the apex of the olecranon and that 
of the coronoid procefs. It likewife runs over the head 
of the radius, and is fixed to the coronary ligament quite 
round. Near the under end of the body of the os humeri, 
there are two particular intermufcular ligaments, which 
are long, narrow, and thin. They increafe the furface 
for the origin of mufcles, and thereby fupply the place of 
bones. The lower extremity of the os humeri is alio joined 
to the bones of the fore-arm by the two following fafei- 
culi of ligamentous fibres : viz. Ligamentum brachio-cubi - 
tale feu lateralc internum, arifes from the fore-part of the 
internal condyle of the os humeri ; and, running down the 
capl'ula, is fpread out in a radiated manner to be fixed to 
the infide of the coronoid procefs of the ulna. Ligamentum 
brachio-radiale feu lateralc externum, is difpofed much after 
the fame manner; but it is of a greater extent. Through 
all its paffage, it covers the capfular ligament, and is co¬ 
vered by feveral tendons, adhering clofely to both. 
Ligaments joining the Head of the Radius to the 
Ulna. — Ligamentum coronarium feu orbiculare. The head 
of the radius is joined to that of the ulna, and the follow¬ 
ing ligament furrounds the head of the radius, reaching 
from one fide of the fmall lateral figmoid cavity of the 
ulna to the other, in an arch which is about three-quarters 
of a circle. Ligamentum obliquum, arifes from the tubercle 
of the ulna, which gives rife to the bracheus internus 
mufcle, and is inferted into the tubercle of the radius. 
Ligaments between the Bodies of the Radius and 
Ulna. — Ligamentum interoffeum, fills.up the fpace between 
the two bones of the fore-arm. It is fixed by one edge 
along the fiiarp angle of the radius, and by the other along 
that of the ulna. The greater number of the fibres which 
compofe it defeend from the radius to the ulna. Some, 
however, afeend and crofs the former obliquely, fo as to 
make it appear as if compofed of two planes. Small fpaces 
are left in different parts of it for (he paffage of blood- 
velfels; and a large opening is left above, which is occu¬ 
pied by the oblique ligament, &c. The interoffeous liga. 
unci forme. 
Ligaments of the Carpus. —Ligamenta offium carpi 
brevia, are fmall fhort ligaments, running in Various di¬ 
rections, and joining the carpal bones; firft of the fame 
row, then of the two rows together. Ugamentum offium 
carpi commune capfulare, arifes from the cartilaginous edges, 
of the firlt row of carpal bones, and Is inferted into thofe 
of the fecond row. Ligamenta articu/aria, fhort firm liga¬ 
ments, by which the fecond feries of carpal bones are joined 
to the pofterior extremities of metacarpal bones. Liga¬ 
menta interoflea. metacarpi, are fmall ligaments which join 
the pofterior and anterior extremity of the metacarpal 
bones together. 
Ligaments- of the Bones of the Fingers.-— I-ftp*- 
menta capfularia phalangum digitorvm, arife from the ante¬ 
rior extremities of the metacarpal bones with the pofterior 
extremities of the firft phalanx of the fingers. Ligamenta 
lateralia phalangum digitorum, are ftrong ligaments which 
lie between the bones of the firft phalanx of the fingers. 
They are fixed at each end to the capfular ligaments. 
Ligamentum capfulare pollicis, arifes from the pofterior e??- 
tremity of the firft bone of the thumb, and is fixed round 
the os trapezium of the carpus. 
Ligaments of the Hand and Fingers in fitu.— Li¬ 
gamentum carpi tranfverfale externum, arifes from the ftyloid 
procefs of the ulna and os piliforme of the carpus, and 
ends in the ftyloid procefs of the radius. Between this 
ligament and the bones, the tendons of the extenfor muf¬ 
cles of the carpus and fingers pafs. Ligamenta vaginalia , 
adhere to the former ligament and bones, and ferve as a 
kind of (heaths to the tendons. Ligamenta tendinum exten- 
forum travfverfa, are ftiort tendinous ligaments, running 
tranfverfely on the back of the hand, behind the roots of 
the fingers. l.igamenta palmaria tranfuerfa, are fixed to 
the anterior extremities of the metacarpal bones, from 
which they run tranfverfely. Ligamenta vaginalia tendinum 
f exorum, arife from the internal tranfverfe ligament of the 
wrift, and terminate with the tendons of the mufculus 
perforans. Ligamenta vaginalia feu cruciata phalangum, run 
in a circular and crucial direction over the former vaginae 
and tendons, and are fixed to the ridges on the concave 
fide of the bones of the fingers. Ligamentum tendinum f ex¬ 
orum accejforia, are fmall but firm tendinous fubftances, 
which arife from the firft and fecond phalanx of the fin¬ 
gers. All the bones of the fuperior extremities are co¬ 
vered with their periofteum, and the quantity of marrow 
correfponds with the fliape of the bone. All the joints 
have likewife fynovial fubftances; but they arq fmall when 
compared with thofe in the inferior extremities. The 
molt confiderable are placed in the cavities at the under 
end of the os humeri, for lodging the coronoid procefs 
and olecranon of the ulna, in the flexion and extenfion of 
the fore-arm. 
OF THE PELVIS , AND INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
The cartilages of the offa innominata are not fo nume¬ 
rous as one might imagine on examining the fkeleton. The 
true cartilages of the offa innominata are five in number ; 
three common, and two proper. The firft and principal 
common cartilage i? that which makes the fyniphyfis of 
