ANATOMY, 
586 
but placed in the foie; and lie partly in the interdices of 
the bones. Ligamenta interojfea metatarf, like the former, 
are alfo three in number, but run immediately from the 
fide of one bone to +hat of the bone next it, filling up the 
interfticial fpaces. 
Ligaments of theToES. —Ligamenta capfularia, arifes 
from tlie pofterior extremities of the firft phalanx of the 
bones of the tees, and are fixed to the anterior extremi¬ 
ties of the metatarfal bones. Ligamenta lateralia, lie at the 
fides of the fecond and third joint of each of the toes; 
they arife from the fides of the bafes, and are fixed to the 
fides of the heads of the bones of each of thefe joints. 
All thefe ligaments, in the fame manner as in the hand, 
are covered and ftrengtnened on the dorfum pedis by an 
expanfion of the tendons of the extenfor mufcles, and in 
the foie by the Iheaths of the tendons of the flexor 
mufcles. 
Ligaments of the Foot and Toes in fitu.— Ligamen¬ 
tum vaginale tibice. This ftrong ligament is part of the 
tendinous flieath that covers the mufcles on the fore-part 
of the leg; one fide of it is fixed to the anterior angle at 
the lower part of the tibia, the other fide is fixed to the 
outer part of the fibula. I.igamcntum tranfverfum tarfi feu 
cruciatum. This is a double ligament; one part arifes 
in the outer part of the foot above the malleolus exter- 
nus of the fibula, the other from the procefs of the os 
calcis. They ferve to keep the tendons of the mufcles 
in their places. Ligamentum tendinum peroneorum , ari¬ 
fes from the fore-part of the os calcis. and is fixed to the 
outer fide of an eminence of this bone. Ligamentum laci- 
niatum, arifes from the edge of the malleolus interims, and 
covers the tendons, vefrels, and nerves, running in the hol¬ 
low of the os calcis. Ligamentum vaginaleextenforispollicis, 
furrounds the tendon of thismufcle. LJgamentumvaginale 
flexoris proprii pollicis, furrounds the tendon of the flexor 
Jongus pollicis in the hollow of the os calcis. Ligamenta 
vaginalia tendinum Jlexorum, are ligamentous fheaths fur¬ 
rounding the tendons of the flexor mufcles of the toes, 
and are fimilar to thofe of the flexors of the fingers. Li¬ 
gamenta accefoiia tendinumJlexorum, are fliort, but flrong, 
ligaments, like thofe on the fingers, arifing from the pha¬ 
langes of the toes. I.igamcntum tendinum extenforum tranf- 
verfa, are fmall ligaments running between the tendons of 
thefe mufcles, and ferving to bind them together, and to 
keep them in their places. 
OF THE COMMON INTEGUMENTS. 
ALL the parts of the human body are invefted by fe¬ 
deral common and univerfal coverings, to which anato- 
mifls give the name of integuments. There have been ma¬ 
ny difputes about the number of thefe integuments. The 
ancients reckoned up five, viz. the epidermis,fan, membrana 
adipofa, panniculus carnofus, and membrana mufculorum com¬ 
munis. The three firft of thefe coverings are truly com¬ 
mon or univerfal, that is, extended overall parts of the 
body. The two other coverings are no? univerfal, but 
confined to particular parts of the body. The moderns 
divide the integuments into cuticula , rete muccfum cutis vera, 
and corpus adipofum. 
The outf.de of the fkin is covered by a thin tranfparent 
infenfible pellicle, clofely joined to it, which is called epi¬ 
dermis, cuticula, or fcarf-Jkin. The fubftance of the cuticle 
appears to be very uniform on the fide next the (kin, and 
to be compofed on the other fide of a great number of 
very fine fmall fquamous laminae, without any appearance 
of fibrous or vafcular texture, unlefs we take into account 
the numerous fmall veffels by which it is conne&ed to the 
parts under it. This fubftance is very folid and compact, 
but yet capable of being extended and thickened, as we 
fee by fteeping it in water, and by the blifters raifed on 
the (kin by veficatories or any other means; and from 
thence it would feem that it is of a fpongy texture. It 
yields very much in fw el lings, but not fo much as the (kin 
without breaking or cracking. It is not readily deftroyed 
by putrefaction. Hard and reiterated frictions loofen it 
infenfibly, and prefently afterwards a new ftratum arifes 
which thrufts the firft outward, and may itlelf be loofened 
and thruft outward by other ftrata. 
The cuticle adheres very clofely to the cutaneous papil¬ 
la under it; but it may be feparated by boiling, or fteep- 
ing; for a long time in cold water. It is not impoflible to 
feparate it with the knite; but this management teaches us 
nothing of its ftruChire. It adheres ftilfclofer to the cor¬ 
pus mucofum, which is eafily raifed along with it; and 
they feem to be true portions or continuations of each 
other. The colour of the cuticle is naturally white ■ 
and its apparent colour is owing to that of the corpus mu- 
cofum. For, if we examine the European and African 
we find the cuticle to be nearly of the fame colour in both’ 
whereas their corpus mucofum is very different. The cu- 
tide covers the (kin through its whole extent, exceptino- 
at the nails. 11 is marked with the fame furrows and lot 
zenges .is the (kin, and has the fame openings and pores, 
and may be faid to cover not only the whole external part 
of the body, but to line many of the large paflages, as 
the alimentary canal, the lungs, vagina, urethra, &c. In 
thefe paflages, however, it is fomewhat different. The 
cuticle on the external parts of the body gives pafta°'es to 
the duds of the febaceous glands, while that lining the 
cavities already mentioned is pierced with the duds of 
the mucous follicles. 
When we examine narrowly the fmall paflages through 
which the febaceous matter of the (kin paffes, the cuticle 
feems to enter thefe, in order to complete the fecretory 
tubes. The folfulae of the hairs have likewife the fame 
productions of the cuticle, and it feems to give a kind of 
covering to the hairs themfelves. Laftly, the almoft im¬ 
perceptible duds ot the cutaneous pores are lined by it. 
If the (kin be. macerated for a long while in water, the 
cuticle, with its.elongations, may be feparated from it. 
By this obfervation we may explain how blifters may re¬ 
main tor a long time on the (kin without giving padim* 
through thefe holes to tire matter which they contain; 
which holes one would think ought to be increafed by 
this dilatation and tendon of the cuticle. But, when the 
cuticle is feparated from the (kin, it carries along with it 
part of thefe cutaneous fibres; which, being compreffed 
by the matter contained in theblifter, (hut the pores of the 
feparated cuticle like fo many valves; and it is probable, 
that fome of thefe fmall portions, being detached, are the 
fubftances which have been taken for valves of the cuta¬ 
neous tubes. 
With refped to its origin, fome authors have fuppofed 
it to be formed by a moifture exhaled from the whole 
furface of the body, which gradually hardens when it is 
expofed to the air; but the foetus in utero, where no air 
is admitted, is a proof againft this opinion; and it grows 
readily under plafters applied to any part of the body. 
Leuwenhoeck fuppofed its formation to be owing to the 
expanfion of the extremities of the excretory veffels, which 
are found every where upon the furface of the true (kin. 
Ruyfch attributed its origin to the nervous papilke of the 
(kin ; and Heifter thinks it probable that it may be owing 
both to the papillns and the excretory veffels. Morgagni^ 
on the other hand, contends, that it is nothing more than 
the furface of the cutis, hardened and rendered infenfible 
by the liquor amnii in the uterus, or by the prefiure of 
the air. In fad, we know little about its origin; but the 
regeneration of it is very evident, Bidden, and furpriling ; 
for, let it be deftroyed ever fo often, it ftill grows again. 
Under the cuticle, we meet with a fubftance of'agreyifli 
colour, which has been thought 'fo reprefent a net-work; 
hence it has the name of corpus reticulare, or mucofum. It 
is of a foft, mucilaginous, and vifeid, nature ; and fills up 
the interftices of the fibres running between the cutis vera 
and cuticula. After railing the cuticle in a negro, where 
it is thickeft and mod: diftinft, this fubftance appears of a 
black colour, and is compofed of two layers. It is this 
that chiefly gives the colour to the (kin; for it is black in 
the African; white, brown, oryellowiih, in the European. 
a The 
