A N A T O M Y. 
the pharynx. The arch is partly folic! and immoveable, 
and partly foft and moveable. The folid portion is that 
which is bounded by the teeth, being formed by the two 
oll'a maxillaria and two olfa palati. The foft portion lies 
behind the other, and runs backward like a veil fixed to 
the edge of the oll'a palati, being formed partly by the 
common membrane of the whole-arch, and partly by fe- 
veral mufcular fafoiculi, &c. The membrane that covers 
all this cavity, is continued with the membrane of the 
nares, upon the inner furface of the pharynx. It is very 
thick fet with fmall glands, known under the name of pa¬ 
latine, the orifices of which are not fo fenfible as in the 
pharynx, and efpecially in the ruga; of its fuperior por¬ 
tion. This membrane, together with that of the polle- 
rior nares, forms, by an uninterrupted continuation, the 
anterior and pofterior furface of the foft portion of the 
palate, or velum palati, fo that the mufcular fafciculi of 
this portion lie in the duplicature of a glandular mem¬ 
brane. Tlie velum or valvula palati, terminates below 
by a loofe floating edge, reprefenting an arch fituated 
tranfverfely above the balls or root of the tongue. The 
higheft portion or top of thiS'arch fuftains a'fmall, foft, 
and irregularly-conical,-. glandular body, fixed by its balls 
to the arch, and its apex, which hangs down without ad¬ 
hering to any thing, is called uvula ; on each fide of which 
there are two mufcular half-arches, called columns fepti 
palati. The feptum palati lerves to conduCt the lachrymal 
lymph, and that which is continually collected on the arch 
of the palate, into the pharynx. It ferves for a valve to 
hinder what we fwallow, and efpecially what we drink, 
from returning by the nofe. 
The tongue is a foft flefiiy body, which fills all'that part 
of the cavity of the mouth that is furrounded by the al¬ 
veolar}' border and te.eth of the lower jaw, and extends 
dill farther back. The tongue is divided into the bafis 
and point; the upper and under hides; and the lateral 
portions or edges. The bafis is the pofterior and thickell 
part; the point, the anterior and thinned part. The up¬ 
per fide is not quite flat, but a little convex, and divided 
into two lateral halves, by a fhallow deprefled line, called 
linca lingua mediana. 
All the upper fide of the' tongue is-eovered by a thick 
membrane of a papillary texture, upon which liesanother 
very fine membrane like a kind of epidermis, which is like- 
wife continued over the lower fide, but without papillae. 
Under the epidermis, on the furface of the tongue, we find' 
the corpus mucofum thicker but more moift than in other 
parts of the body. Three forts of papillae may be dif- 
tinguiflied in the upper fide of the tongue; capitatae, fe- 
mi-lenticulares, and villofie. Thofe of the firlf kind are 
the largeft, and are of a lenticular form, having round 
heads with fhort Items. They lie on the bafis of the 
tongue in fmall fuperficial folfulae. 
1 he tongue is the organ of that fenfe called the tajley 
and, by certain experiments, it appears that the pow'er of 
take is exercifed by the tongue chiefly, although it is not 
confined to the tongue alone. For, on whatever part of 
the mouth, palate, or cheek, we apply a fapidbody, we do 
not perceive the fenfe of pain, but ol tafte; and from 
fome bodies, as arum, pepper, &c. the fenfatron produced 
will be ftronger and more diftinCt In thefe parts than any 
where elfe. The fenfation which is fometimes excited in 
the ftomach, cefophagus, and fauces, by the regurgitation 
of the aliments, feems alfo to belong to the tongue, to 
which the fapid vapours are fent back, uncommonly acrid 
and penetrating; and even that fenfe which is fometimes 
occafioned in the ftomach, oefophagus, and fauces, from a 1 
riling of the aliments, feems alfo to be owing to the tongue, 
to which the tafteable vapours are conveyed. 
The papilla of the tongue, which are larger and fofter 
than thofe of the flrin, and perpetually moift, perform the 
office of touch more exquifitely than the fmall and dry cu¬ 
taneous papillae. The papillae of- the tongue being railed 
a little protuberant to perform the office of tafte, are af¬ 
fected in a particular manner by falts -diflo-lved in water, 
603 
or faliva, and applied againft their tips or fiummits; which 
being diftinguiftied by the mind, and referred to certain 
clafles, are called tajles, either lour, fweet, acerb, bitter, 
laline, urinous, fpirituous, aromatic, or pungent and acrid, 
infipid, putrid, and others refulting partly from pure falts, 
and in part from an intermixture of the fubtile, animal, or' 
vegetable, oils, varioufly compounding and changing 
each other. 
Does the diverfity of taftes aril'e from the different figures - 
which are natural to falts f Is the cubical figure of fea-falt 
thereafonof its having a different tafte from nitre that is 
prifmatical, or front other falts of a different form ? we 
anfwer, that this does not feem probable ; for, even tafte- 
lefs cryftals have their particular configurations; and the 
tafte arifing from very different falts, and differently qua¬ 
lified objedls of this fenfe, are too much alike each other, 
and at the fame time too inconfiant or changeable, to allow 
fitch a theory; as, for example, in nitre. The mechani¬ 
cal reafon, therefore, of tlie diverfity of taftes, feems to 
refide in the intrinfic fabric of the elements of fapid bodies, 
which do not fall under the ferutiny of our fenfes. Bur 
the nature or difpofition of the covering with which the 
papillae are clothed, together with that of the juices, and- 
of the aliments lodged in the ftomach, have a conlidera-- 
ble fliare in determining the fenfe of tafte; infomuch, that 
the fame flavour does not equally pleafe oraffei! the organ : 
in all ages alike, nor in perfons of all temperaments; nor; 
even in the fame perfon at different times, and in different 
ftates of health or difeafe. In general, whatever contains - 
lefs fait than the faliva itfelf, feems infipid. 
Nature defigned the difference of- tafte3to be felt by the - 
tongue, that we might know and diftinguifh fuch foods as 
are moll falutary; for, in general, there is not any one kind 
of wholefome aliment that is of a difagreeable tafte; nor' 
are there any ill-tailed fubftances that are fit for our non-- 
rifhment. By excefs, indeed, the molt wholefome food- 
becomes prejudicial. Nature has invited us to take necef- 
fa-ry food', as well by the pain called hunger, as by the 
pleafure arifing from the fenfe of tafte. But brute ani¬ 
mals, who have not like us, the advantage of learning 
from each other by inftruCtion, have the faculty of diftin-- 
guifiling flavours more accurately, by which they are ad- 
monifhed cautioully to avoid poifonons or umvholefome 
food; and therefore it is that, in herbivorous cattle, to- 
which a great diverfity of noxious plants is offered among 
their food, the tongue is of a more exquilite texture, and 
furnifhed with larger and longer papillae, than in man, to- 
whom tiiey are lefs neceflary. 
The larynx forms the protuberance in the upper-and an¬ 
terior part of the neck, called commonly pomum Adami. 
This is larger and more prominent in men than in women. 
It confifts chiefly of five cartilages; the names of which 
are thefe: Cartilago-thyroides, which is the anterior and 
largeft;, cricoides the inferior, and bafis of the reft; two 
arytenoides, the pofterior and fmalleft; and the epiglottis, - 
which is above all the reft. Thefe cartilages are connect¬ 
ed together by ligaments, and they have likewife mufcles, 
glands, membranes, &c. 1 he larynx ferves particularly 
to admit and let out the air in refpiration; and the folidity 
of the pieces of which it is compofed, hinders not only 
external objefts, but alfo any hard thing which we fwal¬ 
low, from difordering this paflage. The glottis, being a 
narrow Hit, modifies the air which we breathe; and, as it 
is very eafily dilated and contracted, it forms the’ difterent 
tones of the voice, chiefly by means of the different muf¬ 
cles inferted in the cartilaginous arytenoideas, to which 
the other mufcles of the larynx, both proper and common,, 
are afliftdnts. The facility of varying and changing.the 
tone of the voice depends on the flexibility of the carti¬ 
lages of the-larynx, and decreafes in proportion as we ad¬ 
vance in age; becaufe thefe cartilages gradually harden 
and oflify, though not equally foon in all perfons. Hence 
the larynx is the principal organ of the voice; for, that 
being injured, the air pafl'es through the wind-pipe with¬ 
out yielding any found; but when.it is driven from the. 
z ,lungs 
