616 A N A 1 
arch of the diaphragm, partly in the right hypochondrium, 
which it fills almoft entirely, and partly in the epigaftriuin, 
between the appendix enliformis and fpina dorii, and ter¬ 
minating commonly in the left hypochondrium, into which 
it fometimes runs a conliderable way. The liver may be 
divided into two lateral parts, called lobes ; one of which is 
termed the great or right lobe, the other the fmall or left 
lobe. Thefe two lobes are diftingnifhed above by a mem¬ 
branous ligament, and below by a confiderable feitfure, 
lying in the fame direction with the fuperiorligament. 
The liver is compofed of feveral kinds of veffels; the 
ramifications of which are multiplied in an aftonifliing 
manner, and form, by the intertexture of their capillary 
extremities, an innumerable collection of fmall pulpy fri¬ 
able corpufcles, which are looked upon to be fo many or¬ 
gans deligned to feparate from the mafs of blood a particu¬ 
lar fluid, termed the bile. In thefe corpufcles the bile is 
fecreted, and it is immediately collected in the fame num¬ 
ber of extremities of another kind of veffels, which unite 
by numerous ramifications, into one common trunk. Thefe 
ramifications are termed pori bildrii , and the trunk duElus 
hepaticus-, and the ramifications of thefe two kind of vef¬ 
fels are invefted together by the capfula of the venapor- 
tte. The duCtus hepaticus, or trunk of the pori bilarii, 
joins another canal, called duElus cyjlicus or veficularis ; be- 
caufe it comes from the veficula fellis: thefe two united 
duCts form a common trunk, named dudus cholidochus, be- 
caufe it conveys the bile. This duft, having reached the 
incurvation of the duodenum, infinuates itfelf through 
the coats of that intefline, and opens into its cavity by an 
oblong orifice rounded at the upper part, and contracted 
at the lower like the fpout of an ewer. 
The gall-bladder is a kind of fmall bag, fhaped like a 
pear, narrow at one end and wide at the other. About one 
third of the body of this veficula lies in a depretlion on the 
concave fide of the liver, from the trunk or funis of the 
vena portae, where the neck is fituated, to the anterior 
edo-e of the great lobe, a little toward the right fide, where 
the bottom is placed ; and in fome fubjeCts it advances be¬ 
yond the edge, fo as to oppofe itfelf to the mufclesof the 
abdomen, under the edges of the falfe ribs. Therefore 
when we Hand, it lies in a plane inclined a little from be¬ 
hind forward. When we lie upon the back, it is almoft 
inverted. When we lie on the right fide, the bottom is 
turned downward, and it is turned upward when we lie on 
the left fide.; and thefe fituations vary according to the 
different degrees of each poflure. The gall-bladder is 
compofed of feveral coats, the outermoft of which is a 
continuation of that which inverts the liver, and confe- 
quently of the peritonaeum. The bile, which partes thro’ 
the duCtus hepaticus into the cholidochus, may be called 
.hepatic-, and that which is collected in the gall-bladder 
may be termed cyjlic. The hepatic bile flows continually 
through the duCtus cholidochus into the duodenum; where¬ 
as the cyftic bile flows only by reafon of plenitude, or by 
compreffion. 
The pancreas is a long flat conglomerate gland, fituated 
under the ftomach, between the liver and the fpleen. It 
is compofed of a great number of foft glandular molecu¬ 
le, combined in fuch a manner as to exhibit the appear¬ 
ance of one uniform mafs on the outfide, the furface of 
which is rendered uneven only by the numerous fmall con¬ 
vexities, more or lefs flatted. When thefe molecule are 
feparated a little from each other, we find the pancreatic 
duCt, which pierces the coats of the duodenum, and opens 
into the duCtus cholidochus, commonly a little above the 
prominent point of the orifice of that canal; and fome¬ 
times it opens immediately into the duodenum. 
The pancreatic juice feems principally of ufe to dilute 
the gall, to mitigate its acrimony, and mix it with the 
food. Hence it is poured into a place remote from the 
cyftic duft as often as there is no cyftis. Like the reft of 
the inteftinal humoursj this juice dilutes the mafs of ali¬ 
ments, refolves them, and does every other office of the faliva. 
‘ O M Y. 
The fpleen‘\s a bluifh mafs, fomething inclined to red, 
and of a long oval figure, being about ieven or eight fin¬ 
gers breadth in length, and four or five in breadth. It is 
of a foftifli fubftance', and is fituated in the left hypochon¬ 
drium, between the great extremity of the ftomach and 
the neighbouring falfe ribs, under the edge of the dia¬ 
phragm, and above the left kidney. It is connected to 
the ftomach by the vertels called vafa brevia ; to the ex¬ 
tremity of the pancreas, by ramifications of the fplenic 
arteries and veins; and to the omentum, by ramifications 
which the fame artery and vein fend to the fpleen. In 
man, the fubftance of the fpleen is almoft wholly vafeu- 
lar, that is, compofed of the ramifications of all kinds of 
vertels. Being of a very foft and loofe texture, it grows 
larger by diftenfion when the ftomach is empty, and be¬ 
comes lefs again when it is preffed by the full ftomach 
againft the ribs. Hence the fpleen is found large in thofe 
who die of lingering dileafes; but in thofe who die fud- 
denly, and in full health, it is fmall. The fpleen feems 
to prepare the blood for fupplying a fort of watery juice 
(probably of a fub-alkaline nature, and rendered fome- 
vyhat rtiar-p by the remora of the blood) to the bile. As 
to themld queftion, 'Whether the fpleen prepares an acid 
to whet or fharpen the ftomach; that opinion has been 
long difcarded, as repugnant to the nature of all the-ani- 
mal juices. 
The omentum is a large, thin, and fine, membranous bag, 
furrounded on all tides by numerous portions of fat, which 
accompany and even inveft the fame number of arteries 
and veins adhering clofely to each other. The greateft 
part of it refembles a kind of flat purfe, and is fpread 
more or lefs on all the fmall inteftines from the ftomach to 
the lower part of the regio umbilicalis. Sometimes it goes 
down to the lower part of the hypogaftrium, and fome¬ 
times does not reach beyond the regio epigaftrica. It is 
commonly plaited or folded in feveral places, efpecially 
between the bands of fat. 
The kidneys are two folid glandular bodies, fituated in 
the pofterior part of the cavity of the abdomen, on each 
fide of the lumbar vertebrae, between the laft falfe ribs 
and os ilium. The right kidney lies under the great lobe 
of the liver, and is confequently lower than the left, which 
lies under the fpleen. We may diftinguifti three kinds of 
fubftances in the kidney; an exterior fubftance, which is 
thick, granulated, and in a manner cortical; a middle fub¬ 
ftance, which is medullary and radiated, called Jlriata, 
J'ulcata, or tubularis, becaufe it feems to be made up of ra¬ 
diated tubes ; and an inner fubftance, which is only a con¬ 
tinuation of the fecond, and terminates on the infide by 
papillae ; for which reafon it goes under the name of pa¬ 
pillaris. Each papilla lies in a kind of membranous calix 
or infundibulum, which opens into a common cavity, 
called the pelvis. This pelvis is membranous, being of 
the fame ftrmfture with the calices, of which it is a conti¬ 
nuation ; and its cavity in man is not uniform, but diftin- 
guiftied into three portions, each of which contains a cer¬ 
tain number of infundibula or calices, together with the 
papillae which lie therein; and fometimes we find two or 
three papillae in the fame infundibulum. 
After the infundibula have contracted in a conical form 
round the apices of the papillae, each of them forms a fmall 
ftiort tube or gullet, which, uniting at different diftances 
along the bottom of the finus of the kidney, form three 
large tubes which go out from the finus, in an oblique di¬ 
rection from above downwards, and immediately after¬ 
wards unite into one trunk. This trunk becomes a very 
long canal, called the ureter. In men, the three tubes fup- 
ply the place of what is called the pelvis in brutes, and 
might more properly be called the roots or branches of the 
ureters than the pelvis. The fituation of the trunk, and 
of the roots and branches of each ureter, with refpeft to 
the renal artery and vein, is in the following manner: The 
artery is in the upper part of the finus, and partly before 
the vein. The vein is about the middle, and between 
* the 
