ANATOMY. 
the artery and ureter. The ureter is in the lower part, a 
little behind the vein, and it is partly furrounded by one 
branch of the artery. 
The renal glands are fituated on the upper extremity of 
each kidney a little obliquely. They contain an unftuous 
vifcid liquor, of a yellowilh red colour, which, with age, 
changes gradually into a yellowilh purple, a dark yellow, 
and a black yellow : fometimes it is perfectly black; but 
even then, if it be fpread thin on a large furface, it appears 
yellow. It is fometimes found not only reddjlh, but mix¬ 
ed with real blood. The ufes of thefe renal glands have 
not as yet been difcovc-red ; and all that w% know about 
the liquor contained in them is, that it has fomevvhat the 
appearance of the bile. They are very large in the fcetus, 
and diminifh in adults. Thefe two phenomena well de- 
ferve our attention. They lie fometimes directly on the 
top of the kidneys, but feldom, if ever, on the gibbous part. 
The Anatomical Plate V. affords a pretty accurate View 
of the Brain and different Vifcera, as follows, viz. 
Fig. r, reprefents the bafts of the brain, aa, Thean- 
teriorlobes of the brain, bb, The pofterior lobes. cc, 
The cerebellum, dd, The lateral finufes. ee, The verte¬ 
bral arteries, as they pafs between the firft vertebra and 
the bones of the occiput, f The vertebral finus. gg, 
The dura mater, h, The foremoft branch of the carotid 
artery. 
The Trunk, i, Trachea. 2, The internal jugular 
vein. 3, The fubclavian vein. 4, Vena cava defcendens. 
5, Right auricle of the heart. 6, The right ventricle, the 
pericardium being removed. 7, Part of the left ventricle. 
8, Aorta afcendens. 9, Arteria pulmonalis, 10, Right 
lobe o'f the lungs. 11, The left lobe. 1 2, The diaphragm. 
13, Theliver. 14, The ligamentum rotundum. 15, The 
bottom of the gall-bladder. 16, The ftomach, prelfed 
down by the liver. 17, The fmallinteflines. 1S, The ipleen. 
Fig. 2, reprefents the perfected brain, aa, The 
anterior lobes of the cerebrum, bb, The lateral lobes of 
the cerebrum, cc, The two lobes of the cerebellum, d, 
Tuber annulare, e, Paffage to the infundibulum, f Me¬ 
dulla oblongata, which fends off the medulla fpinalis thro’ 
the fpine. gg. That part of the os. occipitis which is pla¬ 
ced above, hk, The tranfverfe proceffes of the firft cervi¬ 
cal vertebra, ii, The cervical vertebrae. 
Trunk, i. The gall-bladder. 2, The pancreas. 3, 
The fpleen. 4, 4, The kidneys. 5, Aorta defcendens. 
6, Vena cava afcendens. 7,7^ The emulgent veins. 8,8, 
The ureters. 9, 9, The iliac veffels. 10, The inteftinum 
reftum. xi, The bladder of urine. 
OF THE PELVIS. 
The pelvis is bounded forward by the os pubis; back¬ 
ward by the os facrum above, and coccygis below; late¬ 
rally by the ilia above, and ifchia below. In midwifery, 
a complete knowledge of thefe parts is a circumftance of 
confulerable importance. 
Vesica Urinaria, or Bi.adder. —The bladder is a 
kind of membranous and flelhy pouch or bottle, capable 
of dilatation and conrraftion, fituated in the lower part of 
the abdomen immediately behind the fymphyfis of the of- 
fa pubis, and oppofite to the beginning of the inteftinum 
reftum. It is divided into the body, neck, and bottom ; 
into an anterior, pofterior, and two lateral parts. The up¬ 
per part is termed the fundus or bottom ; and the neck is a 
portion of the lower part. Round the neck of the blad¬ 
der the mufcularfibres being clofely connected, form what 
has been called f-hinHer vefcce. But th’s part is not a dif- 
tinft mufcle, nor is its action diftinct from the reft of the 
mufcular coat. At>the top of the bladder above die fym¬ 
phyfis of the offa pubis, we obferve a ligamentary rope, 
which runs up between the peritonaeum and the linea alba 
of the abdomen, all the way to the navel, dimindhing 
gradually in thicknefs as it afcends. This rope in die foe¬ 
tus is in part a produft on of the inner coats of the blad¬ 
der, which produftmn is termed urachus. 
The k.dneys and bladder lerve for the fecretion of the 
Vo l. I. No. 39. 
617 
urine, which is effected in the following manner: The 
chyle, when it enters the blood, Contains a very large por¬ 
tion of w ater, which would be liable to lodge in the cellu¬ 
lar fubftance, if it was not expelled again from the body. 
A part of it is therefore exhaled through the fkin; and 
another p>art, as,large, or often larger than the former, is 
drained through the kidneys into the bladder, anil is thus 
expelled out of the body. 
Dr. Haller obferved, “ that the blood of the renal ar¬ 
tery moving flower, as is generally believed, than that of 
the brain, and probably ftored with more water, brought 
by the ferpenline circles of the arteries, depofite.s great 
part of its water into the reftilineal tubes of the papillae. 
This water contains fine oils and falts, intermixed with 
earthy particles, or fuch other matters as are thin enough 
to pafs through with it. The fmall diameter of the ori¬ 
gin of each uriniferous duft, and its firm refiftance, feems 
to exclude the thick oil, chyle, and the coagulable lymph ; 
but, as thefe uriniferous dufts are always open, if the ve¬ 
locity of the blood be increafed, or a morbid laxity of the 
parts fupervenes, they eafily tranfmit the above-mentioned 
thick parts of the blood along with the thinner. The 
difeale hence arifing, is called diabetes, which may be 
cured by reftoring the kidneys to their former healthy (late, 
by the uie of aftringents and tonics. The nerves, have 
fome power of contracting orrelaxing thefe palfages ; and 
thus we fee that urine, which in health is of a yellow co¬ 
lour, becomes watery from hidden grief. A vail quantity 
of it is prepared ; equal to that of perfpiration, and fome¬ 
times even more.” Later phyfiologifts" explain the fecre¬ 
tion of urine by obferving, that part of the blood is chan¬ 
ged by the kidneys into this fluid. 
The urine, by fire or putrefaftion, fometimes by difeafe, 
in fome animals more eafily than in others, changes into a 
volatile alkaline nature, intimately mixed with a fetid oil. 
This oil which is partly empyreumatic, yellow, volatile, 
tenacious, l'eparable only by the greateft degrees of fire, is 
known by the denomination of phofphorus ; it is a firming 
fubftance, taking fire fpontaneoufly in the air. The urine 
abounds more with earth than any other juice of the hu¬ 
man body, both of a cretaceous and fparry nature; the 
latter coming chiefly from the drink, the former from the 
folid parts of the body diffolved and mixed with the blood. 
That the urine is feparated in the kidneys is fliewn experi¬ 
mentally, by prefling it out of their veftels. That it de- 
fcends by the ureters is fliewn by the furprifing fwelling of 
the kidney, and that part of the ureter which is above, as 
well as the emptinefs of that part which is below the liga¬ 
ture. In the bladder alfo, as well as in the kidneys and 
ureters, there is an immenfe fwelling as often as the blad¬ 
der cannot receive the urine, or cannot emit it. Nor does 
there feem to be any other way for the urine to pafs. The 
bladder may be fo diftended with urine as to produce death ; 
yet, in thefe cafes, we never obferve that the urine has 
found any palfage through'which it might efcape into the 
pelvis. Again, when the ureters are obftrufted with 
ftones, fo that the bladder receives nothing from them, it 
is either quite empty, or contains a very acrimonious and 
thick urine, manifeftly indicating that the water can find 
no other way from the kidney into the bladder. And a 
careful attention to the manner in which mineral waters 
are difcharged by urine, fufficienily .demonfirates that there 
is no fuch rapidity therein asds commonly imagined; but 
the ftimulus of the cold water received into the ftomach, 
like the external cold applied to the (kin, caufes a con- 
cuflion of the bladder and urinary parts, by which they 
are fol cited to repeated difcharges of the old urine which 
was before in the body, and not immediately of that which 
was laft drunk. Again, the largenefs of the renal veifels 
demonfirates, that they cannot receive much lefs than an 
eighth part of the blood of the whole ho ly at a time, and 
confequently above 1000 ounces of blood are conveyed 
through the kidneys in an hour; and it will appear but a 
moderate allowance for tu enty or even fifty ounces of wa¬ 
ter to diltil from that quantity of blood i the fame time. 
7 S Finally^ 
