6 i8 ANATOMY 
-Finally, it is certain that both men and brute animals pe- 
rifli if the ureters are obftructed by a ligature, or other- 
wife; we then cbferve alfo that no urine can be found in 
the bladder. We are not fully acquainted with the caufe 
which retains the urine in the bladder. The fphindter is 
obfcure; the fmiation of the bladder lying on the rectum 
.may probably contribute to the retention of the urine. 
Certain it is that the urine does not flow fpontaneoufly, 
even from a dead carcafe. 
By the urine, betides the particles of food and water, 
much matter that is noxious to the human body feerns to 
pafs off, efpeciaily calcareous earth reforbed from the bones 
iand folk! parts, and which would not fail to produce bony 
crufts and calculi wherever it was flopped; a fparry or 
gypfeous earth ; and an acrid oil mixed with fait, fo as to 
aflame a volatile nature. The urine, by its retention, 
difpofes to the generation of the flone and gout; when 
fuppreffed, it produces acute fevers, and feveral morbid 
arfedtions of the brain. 
The Parts of Generation in Males. —The parts 
of generation in males conlift of the fpermatic veins and 
arteries ; the teftes, epidydimis, and fcrotum ; the vafa de- 
ferentia, veficuke feminales, and proftates; tlie corpora ca- 
vernofa, urethra, integuments, &c. Th cfcrotum is the cu¬ 
taneous covering of the teftes. Outwardly, it is a bag 
common to both, formed by a continuation of the fkin of 
the neighbouring parts, and commonly very uneven, hav¬ 
ing a great number of rugae on its outer fur face. Inte¬ 
riorly, it is fleftty, and forms a mufcular capfula for each 
tefticle, termed dartos. Though it is a common covering 
for both tefticles, it is neverthelefs diftinguifhed into two 
lateral parts by a fuperficial and uneven prominent line, 
which appears like a kind of future, and from thence lias 
been termed raphe. This line is a continuation of that 
which divides, in the fame manner, the cutaneous cover¬ 
ing of the penis; and it is continued through the peri- 
n;eum, which it divides likewife all the way to the anus. 
It is only fuperficial, and does not appear on the inlide of 
the fkin. 
The dartos of the fcrotum has been accounted a true 
cutaneous mufcle; but it is chiefly a cellular fubfiance 
condenfed, with a great number of blood-veflels entering 
into its compofition, but without fat. The particular co¬ 
verings of the teftes are commonly called coats; and they 
are reckoned to be three in number, the tunica mufculofa, 
named cremajler, vaginalis, and albuginea. The firft two 
are common to each tefticle, and to the fpermatic rope 
that belongs to it; and the third is peculiar to the tefticle 
alone. The teftes are tw o glandular bodies, fituated near 
each other, without the abdomen, below the interftice be¬ 
tween the groins in an adult. The ancients named them 
didyini or gemini. Their fize is nearly that of a pigeon’s 
egg, and they are of an oval figure, a little flatted at each 
fide. But they are frequently unequal in fize in the fame 
perfon. Fabricius ab Aquapendente, was confulted fre¬ 
quently by perfons who believed they had got a difeafed 
tefticle, becaufe it was larger than the other one ; but, up¬ 
on examination, it was found they had no inconvenience 
from it. Each tefticle is a fpermatic gland formed by a 
vafl number of fine whitifh tubes, folded and twilled in 
different .manners, and diftributed in different fafciculi, 
between membranous fepta; the whole being furrounded 
by a ftrong common covering, named tunica albuginea. 
The feminal veflels are ferpentine, firm, folid, and ex¬ 
ceedingly fmall; they have been filled with quickfilver, 
&c. by feveral aiyatomifts, but firft by Dr. Monro, Hunt¬ 
er, and Haller. They are collected into above twenty 
bundles, divided by diftindt cells or partitions, which de- 
feend from the tunica albuginea to condudl the arteries or 
veins. In each of thefe cells there is a feminiferous duel 
to convey the fecreted humour from the tefticle. The 
du£ls form a net-work, adhering to the furface of the al¬ 
buginea, and forming inofculations one with another. 
From this net-work, in the upper part of the tefticle, ten 
or twelve duels afeend; which, being contorted together 
into folds, form as many vafcular cones, that are joined 
together by an intermediate cellular fubflance; and, lying 
incumbent one upon another, they form the epidydimis , 
which goes round the outer and pofterior margin of the 
tefticle, to which it adheres by its thicker head, joined 
with a good deal of cellular fubflance. While in its low¬ 
er, middle, and more flender, part, it partly adheres, and 
is partly free; fo as to intercept a fort of impervious bag 
between itfelf and the tefticle. The vafcular cones, at 
the upper part of the epidydimis, by degrees uniting, 
form at length one du 6 t, which compofes the greater part 
of the tefticle, and w hich grows larger as itdefeends, be¬ 
ing larged at the bottom of the tefticle; from whence 
again afeending along the pofterior face of the tefticle, in 
a contrary direction, it by degrees fpreads open its fpiral 
convolutions, and comes out much larger, under the nama 
of vas deferens. 
The fpermatic arteries go out raofl commonly from the 
anterior part of the inferior aorta, near each other, and 
about an inch lower than the arterioe renales. Their ori¬ 
gin oftentimes varies: fometimes there are tw'o on each 
fide, one arifing a little below the other; or at other times 
one comes from the aorta, the other from the renal artery 
on the fame fide; and here they give off branches to the 
cremafter mufcle, &c. 
The fpermatic veins accompany the arteries,, and have 
nearly the fame courfe. The right vein ends commonly in 
the trunk of the vena cava, and fometimes it ends in the 
union of the right renal vein. After getting into the ab¬ 
domen, they receive a branch which communicates with 
the vena porta. 
The veficulas feminales are foft whitifii knotted bodies, 
about three or four fingers breadth in length, one inbreadth, 
and about three times as broad as thick, fituated obliquely 
between the refillm and lower part of the bladder, in fuch 
a manner, as that their fu peri or extremities are at a dif- 
tance from eacli other, and their lower extremities are 
contiguous. Their inner furface is villous and glandular, 
and fomething fimilar to the inner furface of the gall-blad¬ 
der, or like the cells of a honeycomb. This furnifties a 
particular fluid, which exalts, refines, and perfefls, the 
femen that the veficulae receive from the vafa deferentia, 
and of which they are the refervatories for a certain time. 
The firft portion of the urethra, or that which is not 
covered by the cavernous fubflance, and which, from the 
bladder to the bulb, is only a membranous canal, is fuf- 
tained by a large folid whitifii mafs, of the figure of a 
chefnut, and fituated between the bladder and the bulb of 
the urethra; its bafis being towards the bladder, the apex 
or point towards the urethra, and the fides lying upward 
and downward. This body is termed the projlatcs, from 
a Greek word that expreffes its fituation before the vefi¬ 
culas feminales, and implies a plurality, becaufe it appears 
to be divided into two lateral lobes by a hollow groove, 
which runs through its upper fide from the bafis to the 
apex. The inner fubflance is fpongy, but very compact; 
and in each lobe there are feveral folliculi, which open 
into the firft portion of the urethra. The fpongy fubflance 
of the urethra, having reached the extremity of the cor¬ 
pora cavernofa, forms a large head called the glans,- which 
crowns the three fpongy pillars ; with this difference, how¬ 
ever, that it is a continuation of the fpongy fubflance of 
the urethra, and only adheres to the extremity of the cor¬ 
pora cavernofa, without any direct communication. The 
figure of the glans is that of a rounded cone, a little flat¬ 
tened at the lower part, and with an oblique prominent 
bafis, the circumference of which is fomething greater 
than that of the corpora cavernofa. All the convex fur¬ 
face of the glans is covered by a fine villous fubflance, 
and that again by a fine membrane, refembling the red 
part of the lips. The circumference of the balls of the 
glans has a double row of fmall papillae, which may b« 
reckoned febaceous glands, from which a thick matter is 
difeharged. 
The' corpora cavernofa are two ligamentary and very 
3 limber 
