.632 A N A 1 
one that had accompanied the radial artery. In this figure, 
which exhibits a back view of the fore-arm and hand, 
i, Is the hand. 2, The lower extremity of the radius. 
3, The lower extremity of the ulna. 4, The mufcles on 
the back of the fore-arm turned afide to exhibit a deep- 
feated lymphatic vetl'el which perforates the interolTeous 
ligament to get to the fore-part. 5, The olecranon. The 
veflels have been already referred to. 
In Fig. 4. the lymphatic veffels are feen on the fore-part 
of the upper extremity ; thofe fuperficial branches which 
palled on the outfide of the back of the fore-arm appear¬ 
ing now on the fore-part at 8 ; and afcending under the 
(kin that covers the fupinator longus, and the biceps, they 
enter fome glands in the axilla at 12, 1 2, whilft that veffel 
which paffed on the infide of the back of the fore-arm un¬ 
der the internal condyle, appears on the fore-part at 9, and 
juft above the condyle enters a gland 10, and then paflTes 
up on the infide of the arm, communicating with a lym¬ 
phatic from the fore-part of the wrift, and palling to the 
axillary glands. A fuperficial lymphatic is feen under the 
fkin, on the fore-part of this extremity juft above the 
wrift; a pipe tyas introduced at 7, and the velfel thereby 
injected with mercury. Faffing under the integuments 
over all the mufcles, this vellel joins the lymphatic from 
the back-part of the fore-arm at 11, and there forms a 
plexus which palfes under the integuments, on the infide 
of the arm, to the axillary glands at 12. Befides thefe 
fuperficial lymphatics upon the upper extremity, others 
lie near the radial artery ; one is injedted with a pipe fixed 
at 13. This velfel accompanies the radial artery, and palfes 
14, fir ft under the interolfeous, and then under the ulnar, 
artery, which in this fubjedl runs over the mufcles. Near 
the part where it palfes under the interolfeous artery, it re¬ 
ceives the branch from the back of the fore-arm. After 
pafting under thefe arteries, this lymphatic appears on the 
infide of the brachial artery at 15, where it is deep-feated. 
Afcending clofe to that artery, and near the middle of the 
arm, it palfes through the two glands 16, 16 ; after which 
it appears confiderably enlarged, goes under one of the ar¬ 
terial anaftomaticae at 17, 18, and then afcends to the lym¬ 
phatic glands in the axilla 19, 19. In this figure, which 
exhibits a fore view of the upper extremity, 1, Is the fca- 
pula. 2, The clavicle. 3, The extremity of the brachial 
artery. 4, The mufcles lying on the infide of the arm. 
5, The inner condyle of the os humeri. 6, The lower ex¬ 
tremity of the radius, The fubfequent numbers denoting 
the velfels have been explained in the defcription. 
Thefe vellels, however, as they here appear, although 
reprefented from a fuccefsful injection, are only a part of 
the large lymphatic velfels of the arm ; and there are fome 
accompanying the ulnar and intereolfeous arteries, that are 
not here injected. They fliould moreover be confidered 
as only trunks of the lymphatics ; fince it is probable, that 
every (even the fmalleft) part of this, as well as all other 
parts of the body, has fome of thefe velfels adapted to 
abfdrption. That this is the cafe feems to be proved by 
the experiments made with the variolous matter; for at 
what part loever of the arm that matter is inferted, the 
lymphatic velfels take it up and carry it into the body, as 
can be traced by its inflaming the conglobate glands thro’ 
which thefe vellels pafs. In Fig. 5. the termination of all 
the lymphatic velfels is exhibited. Two of the trunks of 
thofe of the left arm are feen at 42. They pafs under the 
clavicle, whole cut end is feen at 4; and under the fub- 
clavian vein. Fere, having joined, they form the large 
trunk 43, which appears juft above the left fubclavian 
vein, and joins the extremity of the thoracic dudt at its 
entrance into the angle between that vein and the jugular. 
The lymphatic velfels of the right fide form four confide- 
rable trunks, which join near their termination. Thefe 
trunks are, x. One from the upper extremity, which ap¬ 
pears at 47, lying above the clavicle between the fubcla¬ 
vian artery and vein : this trunk is formed by the lympha¬ 
tics 44, which come up with the brachial artery, and the 
plexus 45, which likewiie belongs to the arm, and palfes 
O M Y. 
under the fubclavian vein. 2. The trunk of the lymphatic 
vellels of the right fide of the head and neck, which palfes 
down on the outfide of the jugular vein, as is fliewn at 48. 
3. A lymphatic from the thyroid gland : this velfel is 
feen at 49, pafting under the right jugular vein to get to 
the others. 4. A trunk from the lungs of the right fide: 
this trunk is diftindtly traced under the fubclavian vein to 
its termination, in common with the others, at the union 
of the jugular and fubclavian veins. 
OF THE CHYLE. 
The chyle is a white-juice extracted from the aliments, 
and afterwards mixed with the blood. That its principal 
compofition is of water and oil, feems evident from the 
fweetnefs of its tafte, from the whitenefs of its colour, 
from its acefcent and coagulable nature, and from its light- 
nefs, by which it fwims on the blood; in all which pro¬ 
perties in very much refembles an emullion. It is com- 
pofed of a vegetable farina, with animal lymph and oil. 
It every where retains the properties of the volatile and 
oily aliments. It changes into milk with very little alte¬ 
ration. But afterwards it becomes more manifeftly glu¬ 
tinous ; fince the pellucid ferum it contains, either by'ex¬ 
haling the watery part, or by applying an intenfe heat, 
coagulates into a kind of jelly. Haller has attributed the 
firft caufe of motion in the chyle, and of its abforption,; 
chiefly to the attraction of the capillary veflels, which ob- 
ferve alternate pulfes with the periftaltic contradtion of 
the inteftine. The attradlile force fills the villofity ; the 
periftaltic force empties the villofity, and moves the chyle 
farther forward. The reft of its motions feem to depend 
on the ftrength of the membrane of the ladteal veffel it- 
felf, which, even after the death-of the animal, expels the 
chyle, fo that the velfels become pellucid which before 
were milky. The alternate comprefling force of the dia¬ 
phragm is alfo of fome efficacy in this cafe. The chyle, 
mixed with the blood, .does not immediately change its 
nature, as we learn from the milk which is afterwards 
made of it; but after it has circulated through the body, 
fomented with heat, and mixed with a variety of animal 
juices, it is at length fo changed, that a part of it is depo- 
fited in the cellular fubftance under the denomination of 
fat; a part of it is configured into the red globules; ano¬ 
ther part changes into ferum; and the watery’ parts go 
off, in fome meafure, by urine, in fome meafure by per- 
fpiration; while a final 1 part is retained in the habit to di¬ 
lute the blood. 
OF ABSORPTION. 
As there is a fecretion upon the different furfaces, and 
into the different cavities of the body, for the purposes of 
the conftitution, fo there is likewife an inhalation or an 
abforption. For example : if food be taken into the fto- 
mach and inteftines, it is there digefted, and, being con¬ 
verted into chyle, it is in that form taken into the blood- 
veflels. If garlic be applied to the fkin, it gets into the 
body, and is fmelt in the breath with as much certainty as 
when taken into the ftomach, where its juices are abforbed 
by the ladteals. So, likewife, terebinthinate medicines ap¬ 
plied to the (kin are foon fmelt in the urine; and cantha- 
rides in a blifter affedt the urinary paffages. In the fame 
manner fluids are taken from different cavities of the body 
into the vafcular fyftem. Thus the water of an afcites and 
an anajarca are occafionally taken up and carried by the 
blood-veffels to the inteftines and kidneys, and evacuated 
by ftool or by urine. And the pus of an abfcefs is fome- 
tiines abforbed and carried to different parts of the body, 
and there depoftted, or is evacuated by the inteftines or 
urinary paffages. So alfo fluids injedted into cavities, as 
that of the cheft or belly of living animals, foon find their 
way into the blood-veffels. Thefe circumftances are ad¬ 
mitted by anatomifts amongft the unqueftionable fadts of 
phyfiology. Nor do anatomifts differ in their opinions a- 
Dout the mode in which thefe fluids are taken up; for it 
is univerfally allowed to be by abforption, or that there 
3 are 
