■Comparative.] ANA' 
have fo borne upon it, that they would not have allowed 
any ccnfiderable quantity of urine to be collected there; 
but we mud have been obliged to difcharge its contents 
too frequently to be confident with the functions of focial 
life ; whereas, by means of the peritonaeum, the urine is 
now collected in fufncient quantity, the vifcera not gra¬ 
vitating this way. We may take it for a general rule, that 
thofe creatures that feed upon animal food have their 
bladder more mufcular and confiderablv dronger, and lefs 
capacious, than thofe that live on vegetables, fitch as hor- 
fes, cows, fvvine, &c. whofe bladder of urine is perfectly 
membraneous, and very large. This is wifely adapted to 
the nature of their food : for, in thefe fird, as all their jui¬ 
ces are more acrid, lo in a particular manner their urine 
becomes exalted ; which, as its remora might be of very 
ill confequence, mud neceflarily be quickly expelled. 
This is chiefly effected by its dimulating this vifcus more 
flrongly to contraCt, and fo to difcharge its contents, tho’ 
the irritation does not altogether depend upon the dretch¬ 
ing, but likevvife arifes from the quality of the liquor. 
Their fpermalic vejfels are within the pertonaeum, which 
is fpread over them, and from which they have a mem¬ 
brane like a meientery; fo that they hang loofe and pen¬ 
dulous in the abdomen ; whereas, in us, they are contained 
in the cellular part of the peritonreun, which is tenfely 
dretched over them. At their palfage out of the lower 
belly, there appears a plain perforation, or holes; hence 
the adult quadruped, in this refpeCf, refembles the hu¬ 
man foetus. And from obferving this in quadrupeds, has 
arifen the falfe notion of hernia or rupture among authors. 
This opening, which leads down to the tedicle, is of no 
difadvantage to them, but evidently would have been to 
us; for, from the weight of our vifcera continually gra¬ 
vitating upon thefe holes, we mud have perpetually la¬ 
boured under emeroceles, which they are in no hazard 
of, as in them this paflage is at the highed part of their 
belly, and, in their horizontal podure, the vifcera cannot 
bear upon it. 
The Jcrotum is fliorter and not fo pendulous as the hu¬ 
man in all the dog kind that want the vejkulm famnalcs, 
that the feed at each copulation might the fooner be 
brought from the tedes, thus in fome meafure fupplying 
the place of the veficulte feminales; for the courfe of the 
feed through the vafa deferentia is thus fliortened, by pla¬ 
cing the fecerning veffels nearer the excretory organs. 
The want of veficulae feminales at the fame time explains 
the reafon why this creature is fo tedious in copulation. 
The druCture of the tejlicles is much the fame with the 
human, as are likevvife the corpus pyramidale, varicofum, or 
p amp info r me, and the epididymis or excretory velfel of the 
tedicle. The vafa deferentia enter the abdomen where the 
blood-veffels come out; and, palling along the upper part 
of the bladder, are inferted a little below the bulbous part 
of the urethra. 
The preeputium has two mufcles fixed to it; one that 
arifes from the fphindter ani, and is inferted all along the 
penis-, and this is called retracior preeputii. But the other, 
whofe office is direftly contrary to this, is cutaneous ; and 
feems to take its origin from the mufcles of the abdomen, 
or rather to be a production of their tunica carnofa. The 
corpora cavernofa rife much in the fame v/ay as the human: 
but thele foon terminate ; and the red is fupplied by a tri¬ 
angular bone, in the inferior part of which there is a groove 
excavated for lodging the urethra. There are upon the 
enis two protuberant bulbous fiefiiy fubflances, refem- 
ling the glans penis in man, at the back of which are two 
veins, which, by the ereElorcs penis and .other parts, are 
compreiTed in the time of coition ; and, the circulation be¬ 
ing flopped, the blood didends the large cavernous bodies. 
After the penis is thus fwelled, the vagina, by its. con¬ 
traction and fwelling of its corpus cavprnofum, which is 
confiderably greater than in other animals, gripes it clofe- 
fy; and fo the male is kept in action fome time contrary 
to his will, till an opportunity be given for bringing a 
quantity of feed fufficient to.impregnate.the female: and 
r o M Y. 6 S ; 
thus, by that orgafmus veneris of the female organs, the 
want of the veficulae feminales is in fome meafure fup¬ 
plied. But as it would be a very uneafy podure for the 
dog to fupport himfelf folely upon his hinder feet, and 
for the bitch to fupport the weight of the dog for fo long 
a time ; therefore, as foon as the bulbous bodies are dif¬ 
fidently filled, he gets off and turns averfe to her. Had 
then the penis been pliable as in other animals, the ure¬ 
thra mud of necedity have been comprelfed by this twidir.g, 
and confequently the courfe of the feed intercepted ; but 
this is wifely provided againd by the urethra’s being form¬ 
ed in the hollow of the bone. After the emiOion of the 
feed, the parts turn flaccid, the circulation is redored, 
and the bulbous parts can eafily be extracted. The prof 
tata leems here divided into two, which are proportional¬ 
ly larger than the human, and afford a greater quantity of 
that liquid. The uterus of the multiparous animals is lit¬ 
tle elfe but a continuation of their vagina, only feparated 
from it by a finall ring or valve. From tire uterus two 
long canals mount upon the loins, in which the feetufes 
are lodged: thefe are divided into different facs, which 
are drongly condridted between each feetus ; yet thefe co- 
ardtions give way in the time of birth. From thefe go 
out the tuba: F#llopiana:, fo that the ovaria come to lodge 
near the kidneys. 
We ought next to examine the druCture of the thorax 
and its contents. But fird it may not be amifs to remark 
of the diaphragm in its natural duration, that it is in ge¬ 
neral more loole and free than the human ; which is ow¬ 
ing to its connection with the neighbouring parts in a diffe¬ 
rent manner from ours. The human diaphragm is con¬ 
nected to the pericardium ; which again, by the interven¬ 
tion of the mediadinum, is tied to the dernum, fpine, &c, 
but here there is fome didance between the diaphragm and 
pericardium. We obferve further, that its middle part 
is much more moveable, and the tendinous parts not fa 
large. And indeed it was neceflary their diaphragm diould 
be fomewhat loofe, they making more ufe of it in difficult 
refpiration than man. This we may obferve by the Ilrong 
heaving df the flanks of an horfe or dog w hen out of 
breath; which correfponds to the riling of the ribs in us. 
The difpofition and fituation of the mamma: vary as they 
bear one or more young. Thole of the uniparous kind 
have them placed between the poderior extremities, which 
in them is the highed part of their bodies, whereby their 
young get at them without the inconvenience of kneeling. 
Neverthelefs, when the creatures are of no great fize, and 
their bread large, as in fheep, the young ones are obliged 
to take this podure. In multiparous animals, they nurd 
have a great number of nipples, that their feveral young 
ones may have room at the fame time, and thefe are dif- 
pofed over both thorax and abdomen; and the creatures 
generally lie down when the young are to be fuckled, 
that they may give them the mod favourable fituation* 
From this it does not appear to be from any particular fit- 
nels of the veffels at certain places for giving a proper 
nourifhment to the child, that the breads are fo placed in 
women as we find them, but really from that fituation be¬ 
ing the mod convenient both for mother and infant. 
The feminn is very narrow, and confids of a great num¬ 
ber of finall bones, moveable c/ery way; which always 
happens in creatures that have a great mobility in their 
fpine. The mediafinum is pretty broad. The pericardium, 
is not here contiguous to the diaphragm, but there is an 
inch of didance between them, in which place the Anall 
lobe.of the lungs lodges; and by this means the liver, &c. 
in this animal, though continually preffing upon the dia¬ 
phragm, yet cannot didurb the heart’s motion. 
'I he heart is (i mated with its point almod directly down¬ 
wards, according to the creature’s podure, and is but very 
little inclined to the left fide-. Its point is much (harp-..: 
and its fltape more conoidal, than the human. Here the 
names of right and lft ventricles are proper enour.h, tho’ 
not lo in the human ; which ought rather to be called ante¬ 
rior and poferior, or foperiar and inferior. The animal has 
