660 A N A 1 
to feveral times the fize of the paunch itfelf. The food, 
by the force of its mufcular coat, and the liquors poured 
in here, is fufficiently macerated ; after which it is forced 
up hence by the oefophagus into the mouth, and there it 
is made very (mail by maftication; this is what is properly 
■called cheeping the cutl, or rumination ; for which purpofe 
the dentes molares are exceedingly well fitted:.for, inftead 
of being covered with a thin cruft, the enamel on them 
confifts of perpendicular plates, between which the bone 
is bare, and conftantly wearing fafter than the enamel, fo 
that the tooth remains good to extreme old age; and by 
means of thefe teeth the rumination is carried on tor a 
long time without any danger of fpoiling them. After ru¬ 
mination, the food is lent-down by the gullet into the (e- 
cond ftomach; for the oefophagus opens indifferently into 
both. It ends exactly where the two ftomachs meet; and 
there is a linooth gutter with rifing edges which leads into 
the fecond ftomach, from thence to the third, and alfo to 
the fourth; however, the cow has a power to direct it in¬ 
to which it will. Some tell us, that the drink goes to the 
fecond; but that might be ealily determined by making 
them drink before daughter. The fecond ftomach, which 
is the anterior and finaller, is called j'ExpvpaAoq, reticiilum, 
honey-comb, the bonnet , or Aing’s-hood. It confifts of a great 
number of cells on its internal lurface, of a regular penta¬ 
gonal figure, like to a honey-comb. Here the food is 
farther macerated; from which it is protruded into the 
third, called £ x lv °U or omafum, vulgo the manyplics, be- 
caufe the internal furface riles up into a great many plicae 
or folds, and JlratumfuperJlratum, according to the length 
of this ftomach. There are numberlefs glandular grains 
like millet-feeds difperfed on its plicae, from which fome 
authors call the ftomach the millet. From this it paffes in¬ 
to the fourth, whole names are joverpov, abomaf'um, caille, 
or the red , which is the name it commonly has becattfe of 
its colour. This much refembles the human ftomach, or 
that of a dog; only the inner folds or plicae are longer and 
lool'er; and it may alfo be obferved, that in all animals 
there is only one digeftive ftomach, and that has the fame 
coagulating power in the foetus as the fourth ftomach in 
this animal; whence this might not improperly be called 
the only true ftomach. Caille fignifies curdled-, and hence 
the French have given that as a name to this fourth fto¬ 
mach, becaufe any milk that is taken down by young 
calves is there curdled. It is this fourth ftomach, with 
the milk curdled in it, that is commonly taken for making 
runnet; but, after the bile and pancreatic juice enter, this 
coagulation is not to be found, which fhews the ufe of 
thele liquors. There are other creatures which ufe the 
fame food, that have not Inch a mechanifm in their di¬ 
geftive organs. Hcrfes, affes, &c. have but one ftomach, 
where grafs is macerated, and a liquor for their nouri/h- 
ment extracted, and the remainder fent out by the anus 
very little altered. From this different ftructure of the 
ftomach in thefe creatures, a ruminant animal wjll be 
ferv.etl with one-third lefs food than another of equal 
bulk : grafters are fufficiently acquainted with this. The 
reafbn is, that ruminating animals have many and ftrong 
digeftive organs; all their food is fully prepared, and al- 
moft wholly converted into chyle: but a horfe’s ftoptach 
is not fitted for this; lb that he requires a much greater 
quantity of food to extract the fame nouriftiment. 
The duodenum is formed here much the fame way as in 
a dog, and the general intention kept in view with, regard 
to the mixture of the bile and pancreatic lymph. The 
great guts here hardly deferve that name, their diameter 
differing very little from that of the frnall ones; but, to 
compenfate this, they are much longer proportionally than 
a dog’s, being convoluted as the (mall guts are. The 
caecum is very large and long. The digeftion of the cow, 
as well as fome other animals, is accompanied with a pe¬ 
culiar kind of action called rumination ; the intention of 
which feenis to be, that the food may be fufficiently com¬ 
minuted, and thus more fully a6Ied upon by the ftomach: 
far it is not obferved that a calf ruminates as long as it is 
O M Y, [Comparative. 
fed only upon milk, though the aftion takes place as foon 
as it begins to eat folid food ; bait it is to be obferved, that, 
as long as a calf feeds only upon milk, the food defeends 
immediately into the fourth ftomach (which, as has been 
already mentioned, feems only capable ot performing the 
operation ot digeftion), without (topping in any of the firft 
three. The rumination does not take place till after the ani¬ 
mal has eaten a conliderable quantity; after which (lie lies 
down, it (he can do it conveniently, and begins to chew ; 
though the operation will take place in a (landing pofture, 
if (lie cannot lie down. In this adtion a ball is obferved to 
rife from the ftomach with great velocity, alnioft as if (hot 
from a mufket. This ball the animal chews very accu¬ 
rately, and then fwallows it again, and fo on alternately, 
till all the tood (he has firft eaten has undergone this ope¬ 
ration. This is ealily explained from the ftruchtre of the 
oefophagus, which has one fet of fibres calculated for 
bringing up the grafs, and another for taking it down 
again. By means ot rumination, the cow exrracfs a much 
larger proportion of nouriftiment from her food than thofe 
animals which do not ruminate ; and hence (lie is content¬ 
ed with much worfe tare, and fmaller quantities of it, than 
a liorfe ; hence alfo the dung of cows, being much more 
exhaufted of its fine parts than horfe-dung, proves much 
inferior to it as a manure. 
d he fpleen. differs not much either in figure or fituation 
from that of a dog’s : but it is a little more firmly fixed to 
the diaphragm, there not being here fo much danger of 
this vilcus’s being hurt in the flexions of the fpine." The 
liver is not fplit into fo many lobes in this creature as 
either in a man or dog; which depends on the final! mo¬ 
tion this creature enjoys in its fpine, which made Inch a 
divifion needlefs. Their vefica urinaria is of a pyramidal 
fiiape. It is very large, and more membranaceous ; for, 
the urine of thefe creatures not being fo acrid as that of 
carnivorous animals, there was no Inch occafion for ex¬ 
pelling it fo foon. 
The male is provided with a loofe pendulous ferotum, 
and confequently with veficuhz faninales. The female or¬ 
gans differ from thofe of a bitch rnoftly as to the form of 
the cornua uteri, which are here contorted in form of a 
fnail. In this, and in all uniparous animals, they contain 
only part of the fecundines; but in bitches, and other 
multiparous animals, they run ftraight up in the abdomen, 
and contain the foetus themfelves. 
The fituation of the heart is much the fame with that 
of a dog, only its point is rather (harper : in us, the heart 
beating continually againft the ribs, and both ventricles 
going equally far down to the conftitution of the apex, it 
is very obtufe; but here the apex is made up only of the 
left ventricle, fo is more acute. The aorta in the cow ia 
juftly divided into afeending and defending, though this 
divifion is ill-founded either in a dog or man ; and it has 
certainly been from this fubjeef that the older anatomifts 
took their deferiptions when they made this divifion ; for 
here the aorta divides into two, the afcending and de- 
feending. 
ANATOMY of FOWLS. 
Fowls have a particular covering of feathers different 
from all other creatures, but exa6tly well fuited to their 
manner of life ; for it not only protects them from the in¬ 
juries of the weather, but ferves them in their progreflion 
through that thin aerial element in which they are for the 
moft part employed; and, as fome fowls live much in the 
water, their feathers being continually befmeared with an 
oily liquor keeps the water from foaking into their (kins, 
and prevents the bad eftefls which it would infallibly other- 
wife produce. Fowls have the ftrongeft mufcles of their 
whole body inferted into their wings; whence we may ob- 
ferve, that it is altogether impoffible for man to buoy him- 
felf up into the air like birds, even though he had proper 
machines in place of wings, unlefs he were likewife pro¬ 
vided with mufcles ftrong enough for moving them, which 
he has not. In the next place, their wings are not placed 
in the middle of their bodies, but a good deal further for. 
3 wards j 
