ANT 
the ftomach, the tonic Are to be avoided ; the ref ringer ant, 
where a debility of the vital powers is manifeft; the fz- 
mdant, when there is too great a degree of irritability, 
the circulation too highly accelerated, and ftrong difpo- 
fition to profufe bleeding; the f dative antifpafmodics, when 
there is too languid a circulation, a lethargic difpolition, 
or a confiderabTe degree of torpor in the fyftem. See 
Macbride’s Efiay on the refpedive Powers of Antifeptics, 
&c. Remarks on Mr. Alexander’s Elfays on Putrid Difea¬ 
fes; Cullen’s Materia Medica; Wallis on Health and 
Difeafe. 
ANTISO'PHIST,y. [' antifophijles , Lat. amo-otptrv^ Gr. 
of am, againft, and crofir^s, a fophifter. ] A counter-fo- 
rhifter, one that difputes on the contrary. 
_ ANTISPA'SIS,/[fromam,againft,anderwat;, to draw. 
Gr.l A revulfion. The turning the courfe of the humours 
whilft they are actually in motion. The doctrine of re¬ 
vulfion is the invention of Hippocrates. 
A NT IS P A S MO D ; IC S,/ [ from am, againft, a nd ckolu- 
Gr. a convulfion.] Medicines fuited to cure fpafmodic 
affeflions. Some remove fpafms by immediate contact, 
as afles milk, cream, oil of almonds, &c. others by repel¬ 
ling animal heat, as the gas fulphuris, nitre, fal ammoniac, 
&c. and where the ftridtures are produced by inanition, or 
defective vital heat, fpafms are removed by thofe means 
that reftore the vis vitae, fuch as valerian, caftor, mufk, 
■&c. Opium, balfam. Peruv, and the ellential oils of ma¬ 
ny vegetables, are the meft powerful of this kind. Opium, 
for its immediate effedts, excels; ball, of Peru, in many 
inftances, produces more lading benefit than opium, and 
indeed it fometimes fuccecds where opium hath tailed ; 
the ellential 'oils differ as antifpafmodics from opium; in 
this, they act more upon a particular part than upon the 
fyftem in general, and have no foporific effect. 
Antifpafmodics are a very uncertain fpecies of medi¬ 
cines in their etiedt on the "di(orders tor which they are ge¬ 
nerally efteemed ufeful. They are belt adapted for thofe 
fpafmodic atfettions which are attended with great mobi¬ 
lity, and which are ufually known by the name ot fpafmo¬ 
dic difeafes. They are more ufeful in preventing the 
approach, and in removing fpafms.which are more imme¬ 
diately prefent in weaker habits; and in preventing the 
returns of fpafms w hen given in the remiffion ot the tpafm 
in ftrong habits: on the contrary, they are lefs ufeful in 
preventing the return of fpafms in weak habits than in 
ftronger ones ; nay, they rather increafe the tendency to 
fpafmodic complaints in weakly people, if given in the in¬ 
terval of thofe diforders ; and are lefs ufeful in removing 
the prefent fit, in ftrong habits, than they are in weak 
ones. Sometimes, indeed, in ftrong habits, they both re¬ 
move the prefent fit and prevent returns. Cullen’s Mat. 
Medica. 
ANTISPAS'TIC, adj. [from am, and one arnto?, Gr.] 
Medicines which caufe a revulfion of the humours. 
ANTISPLENE'TIC, adj. [from anti and fpUnetic. ] 
Efficacious in difeafes of the fpleen.— Antifplenetics open 
the obftrubtions of the fpleen. Fioyer. 
ANTISTA'SIS, f. in oratory, a defence of an affion 
from the confideration that had it been omitted worfe would 
have enfued. This is called by Latin writers comparati- 
vum argumentum-, fuch, e. gr. would be the general’s de¬ 
fence who had made an inglorious capitulation, That, 
■without it, the whole army mull have perifhed. 
ANTIS'TI-IENES, a Greek philofopher, and founder 
of the Cynics. He was born at Athens, and pafle.d the 
early part of his life as a foldier. Having afterwards been 
an attendant at the lebtures of Socrates, he was principally 
charmed with thofe exhortations of that great philofopher, 
' which perfuaded to frugality, to temperance, and to mo¬ 
deration : thefe Antifthenes was refolved to prafilife by car¬ 
rying every precept to its utmoft extent. Permitting 
therefore his beard to grow, he went about the ftreets in a 
thread-bare coat, fcarcely to be diftinguifhed from a com¬ 
mon beggar. He prided himfelf upon the mod rigid vir¬ 
tue, and thought himfelf obliged to attack the vicious 
ANT 779 
wherever he found them. His philofophy confided rather 
in adtion than [peculation : it was therefore his conftant 
maxim, That to be virtuous was to be happy, and that all 
virtue confided in affion; that the wife man fhould live 
for himfelf, contented in ail fituations, and happy alone in 
the confcioufnefs of his own virtue. He acknowledged 
nothing to be good but what was honourable ; and aftert- 
ed, that virtue might be acquired by practice. Laertius 
tells us that his works confided of ten volumes, and he has 
given us many of his apophthegms. 
ANTlSTOE'CHON,jfi in grammar, the tiling one let¬ 
ter inftead of another ; as olli for illi. 
ANTI'STROPHE, f. [amy^o <pn, from am, the con¬ 
trary way, and rqotpn, Gr. turning.] In an ode fuppofed to 
be lung in parts, the fecond ftanza of every three, or fbme- 
tjmes every fecond ftanza; fo called becaufe the dance 
turns about. In profe, it is a figure by which two things 
mutually depending on one another are reciprocally con¬ 
verted; as, The .fervant of the matter, the matter of .the 
fervant. 
ANTISTRUMA'TIC, adj. [from anti, and fruma, a 
fcrophulous fwelling.] Good againft the king’s evil.—I 
preferibed him diftilled milk, with antiftrumatics, and pur¬ 
ged him. IVifeman. 
ANTITAC'TAi, f. in church hiftory, a branch of 
Gnoftics, who held, that God was good and juft, but that 
a creature had created evil; and confequently that it is 
our duty to oppofe this author of evil, in order to avenge 
God of his adverfary. 
ANTI'THESIS, f. in the plural antithefes. ^am$£(7»?, 
Gr. placing in oppofition.] Oppofition of words or fenti- 
ments; contrail: 
I fee a chief, who leads my chofen fons, 
All arm’d with points, antithefes, and puns. Pope. 
Such alfois that of Cicero, in the fecond Catilir.arian : 
“On one fide Hands modeily, on the other impudence; 
on one fidelity, on the other deceit ; here piety, there fa- 
crilege ; here continencv, there luff, &c.” Such alfo is 
that of Auguftus to fome feditious young men : Audite, 
juvenes, ftnem, quern juvencm fenes audivere. Such again is 
that of Seneca : Cum Iceves loquunter, ingenresJluptnt. Ma¬ 
ny ancient writers feem greatly to affect antithefes ; but 
among the moderns they are generally decried. The fol¬ 
lowing, however, is an example of modern antithesis : 
Though gentle, yet not dull; 
Strong, without rage ; without o’erflowing, full. Denham. 
Antithesis, is fometimes ufed for controverfy. In 
this fenfe, we meet with antithetic method, antithetic dif- 
courfes, &c. Marcion compofed a volume of Antithefes, 
or contrarieties and oppofitions between the law and the 
gofpel. 
ANTITRINITA'RI ANS, f. thofe who deny the Tri¬ 
nity, and teach that there are not three perfons in the God¬ 
head. Thus the Samofatenians, who do not believe the 
diftinbtion of perfons in God; the Arians, who deny 
the divinity of the Word ; and the Macedonians, who de¬ 
ny that of the Holy Spirit; are all properly antitrinitarians. 
Among the moderns, antitrinitarians are particularly un- 
derftood of Socinians, called alfo Unitarians. 
AN'TITYPE, f [amreTr©-, Gr.] That which is re- 
fembled or fliadowed out by the type ; that of which the 
type is the reprefentation. It is a term of theology.— 
When once upon the wing, he foars to an higher pitch, 
from the type to the antitype, to the days of the Mefiiah, 
the afeenfion of oar Saviour, and, at length, to his king¬ 
dom and dominion over all the earth. Burnet. The word 
antitype occurs twice in the New Teftament ; viz. in the 
Epiftle to the Hebrews, ix. 24. and in St. Peter, 1 Epb. iii. 
2i. where its genuine import has been much controverted- 
The former fays, that “ Chrift is not entered into the ho¬ 
ly places made with hands, which are a'mrviroe, the fi¬ 
gures or antitypes of the true—now to appear in the pre¬ 
fence of God for us,’ J Now t vtt&, fignifies the pattern 
