796 A P 
ftruflure and economy of the bee. Fig. i. is the queen 
bee. 2. The drone. 3. The working bee. 4. Reprefents 
the bees hanging to each other by the feet, taking their 
repofe. 5. The probofcis or trunk magnified, wherewith 
they gather the honey and take their nourifhment. 6. One 
of the hind legs of a working bee loaded with wax. 7. 
A comb in which the working bees are bred : the cells are 
the fmallefi of any : a royal cell is fufpended on one fide. 
8. A comb in which the drones are bred, being larger 
than the former; the young drones being included in fe- 
v-eral of them; with two royal cells fufpended on the fide. 
9. A fimilar comb, in which the royal cell is fixed in the 
middle, and feveral common cells are facrificed to ferve 
as a bafis and fupport to it: in general, the royal cells are 
fufpended on the fide of a comb, as in Jig. 7, 8. At the 
fide of fig. 9. two royal ceils are begun; they refemble 
pretty much the cup in which an acorn lies: the other 
royal cells have the young queens included in them. Fig. 
10. exhibits the fling and all its parts, magnified: the (ling 
is compofed of a (heath or cafe, and two (banks, united 
to each other, and terminating in a (harp point, fo as to 
look like a (ingle part; b, the poifonous bag; c, the tube 
that conveys the poifon to the (ling; dd, the two (hanks 
of the (ling; ee, the (heath of the (ting; ff the thickefl 
end of the (heath, where the tube opens into it with the 
poifon; g, the point of the (ling; k, the beards or jags 
with which the (ling is armed; i, the tube that fecretes 
the poifon; kk, extremities of the tube; ////, cartilages 
which are articulated with the (hanks of the fling; mm , 
two other cartilages, lefs than the former; nnnn, places 
where the foregoing cartilages are articulated ; 0000, four 
mufcles ferving to move the (ting different ways; pp y two 
mufcles which draw the (hanks of the (ling into its (heath ; 
qq , two appendages of the (ling which are moved along 
with it, and feem to anfwer no other purpofe but that of 
ornament. Fig. n. The ovary. 12. Six eggs drawn af¬ 
ter nature, and placed on their ends. 13. An egg viewed 
with a microfcope : it refembles the (kin of a fifli, divefled 
of its fcale, but (till retaining the marks of their infer- 
tion. 14. Worms of bees of different fizes, drawn after 
nature; a, a worm newly hatched ; bcde, four worms that 
received more nourifhment, and are more grown; fg, two 
worms dill larger than the former, having had more nou¬ 
rifhment provided for them : they are reprefented as they 
lie doubled in their cells; k, a worm placed on its belly, 
fo as to (hew on its back a black line, which denotes the 
ftomach ; i, a worm lying on its back, beginning to draw 
in the hinder part of its body, and move its head. Fig. 
15. A full-grown worm, viewed with a microfcope; <z<z, 
its fourteen annular incifions or divifions ; b, the head and 
eyes, &c. ccc, ten breathing-holes. 16. The worm forming 
its web; a a, the (ides of the cell that contain it; bottom of 
the cell; c, entrance or door of the cell: the worm is here 
reprefented as making its web to (hut up this entrance. 
Fig. 17. A worm taken out of the web, and juft ready to 
call its (kin. 18. A cell containing the worm changed into 
a nymph, and perfectly lined with the worm’s web: like- 
wife the web entire, with the nymph contained in it, as 
they appear on opening the cell; a a, the (ides of the cell, 
lined with the worm’s web; /;, the mouth of the cell, clo- 
fed by the web; c, the bottom of the cell; d, the web en¬ 
tire, as it appears on opening the cell, which it greatly re¬ 
fembles in form; e, the upper part of the web of a con¬ 
vex form : this part (hews its filaments pretty diftindtly; 
f, the inclofed nymph appearing through the tranfparent 
(ides of the web; g, the bottom of the web anfwering to 
that of the wax-cell. Fig. 19. Is a worm changed to a 
nymph, of its natural fize and form, yet fo as to exhibit 
its limbs, which are folded up in a curious manner. 20. 
The nymph of the bee view ed with the microfcope, dis¬ 
playing all the parts of the inclofed infedl, and the beau¬ 
tiful manner in which they are laid up ; a, the head, bloat¬ 
ed with humours; bb, the eyes, projecting confiderably ; 
cc, the horns, or antenna:; rf, the lip; ee, the teeth, or 
jaw-bones; ff, the firft pair of joints belonging to the pro- 
I s. 
bofcis; h, the probofcis itfelf; ii, the firft pair of legs 5 
kk, two tranfparent little parts, lying againft the loweft 
joints of the firft pair of legs; 11 , the fecond pair of legs ; 
vim, the wings; nn, the blade bones; 00, the lad pair of 
legs; pp, the abdominal rings; q, the hinder part of the 
body ; r, two little parts accompanying the (ling; s, the 
anus. Fig. 21. a, A cell full of bee-bread, placed in lay¬ 
ers; b, little grains, of which the faid fubltance, viewed 
with a microfcope, appears to confift. 
Of the MANAGEMENT of BEES. 
Of the Apiary, and Hives. Columella diredls that 
the apiary face the fouth, and be fituated in a place nei¬ 
ther too hot nor too much expofed to the cold: that it be 
in a valley, in order that the loaded bees may with great¬ 
er cafe defeend to their homes: that it be near the manfion- 
houfe, on account of the conveniency of watching them; 
but fo fituated as not to be expofed to noifome fmells, or 
to the din of men or cattle: that it be furrounded with a 
wall, which however (hould not rife above three feet high: 
that, if poflible, a running dream be near them: or, if 
that cannot be, that water be brought near them in troughs, 
with pebbles or fmall ftones in the water, for the bees to 
reft on while they drink; or that the water be confined 
within gently-declining banks, in order that the bees may 
have fafe accefs to it; they not being able to produce ei¬ 
ther combs, honey, or food for their maggots, without 
water; and that the garden in which the apiary (lands, be 
well furnifhed with fuch plants as afford the bees plenty of 
good pafture. Columella mentions thyme, the oak, the 
pine, the fweet-fmelling cedar, and all fruit-trees. Ex¬ 
perience has taught us, that furze, broom, muftard, clo¬ 
ver, heath, &c. are excellent for this purpofe. Pliny re¬ 
commends broom, in particular, as a plant exceedingly 
grateful and very profitable to bees. 
With regard to hives, thofe made of draw are generally 
preferred on feveral accounts: they are not liable to be 
over-heated by the rays of the fun; they keep out cold 
better than wrnod or any other materials; and the cheap- 
nefs renders the purchafe of them eafy. Thofe who in¬ 
tend to eredl an apiary, (hould purchafe a proper number 
of hives at the latter part of the year, when they are 
cheapeft. The hives (hould be full of combs, and well 
ftored with bees. The purchafer (hould examine the 
combs, in order to know the age of the hives. The combs 
of that feafon are white, thofe of the former year are of 
a darkifh yellow; and, where the combs are black, the 
hive (hould be rejedled, becaufe old hives are mod liable 
to vermin and other accidents. The dimmer is an impro¬ 
per time for buying bees, becaufe the heat of the weather 
foftens the wax, and thereby renders the combs liable to 
break, if they are not very well fecured. The honey, 
too, being then thinner than at other times, is more apt 
to run out of the cells; which is attended with a double 
difadvantage, namely, the lofs of the honey, and the daub¬ 
ing of the bees, whereby many of them may be deftroyed. 
A firft and ftrong (warm may indeed be purchafed; but 
leave (hould be obtained for them to (land in the fame 
garden till the autumn. 
Of Hiving. Bees begin to fwarm in May, or in the 
end of April, but earlier or later according to the warmth 
of the feafon. They feldom fwarm before ten in the 
morning, and feldom later than three in the afternoon. 
When the bees of a fwarm fly too high, they are made to 
defeend lower, by throwing .handfuls of fand or duft among 
them, which they probably” miftake for rain. For the 
fame purpofe, it is ufual to beat on a kettle or frying-pan : 
this pradtice may have taken its rife from obferving that 
thunder or any great noife prompts fuch bees as are in the 
fields to return home. As foon as the fwarm is fettled, 
the bees which compofe it (hould be got into a hive with 
all convenient (peed, to prevent their taking wing again. 
If they fettle on a fmall branch of a tree, eafy to come 
at, it may be cut off" and laid upon a cloth ; the hive being 
ready immediately'to put over them. If the branch can¬ 
not 
