836 A P T E N O 
knee in their burrows. If the penguins be within, they 
take their revenge by biting the leg, which they do with 
w onderful effedt. The eggs and young afford an excellent 
refreffunent to faildrs, in thofe countries where there is no 
other fpecies of food. As the penguins vilit the land but 
feldom, their colours are influenced by that circumffance. 
The belly, and other parts covered by the water, are white; 
while the back is of different colours, according to the di- 
ver/ity of the fpecies, which areas follow: 
i. Aptenodytes Patachonica, or Patagonian penguin: fo 
named, not only becaufe it is found on that coaft, but alfo 
becaufe it exceeds in bulk all the other penguins. It was 
brought into England by captain Macbride, from Falk¬ 
land Ifiands, off’ the ftraits of Magellan. The length of 
the fluffed fkin of this bird, which may be feen in the Le- 
verian Mufeum, meafured four feet three inches, and the 
bulk of the body feemed to exceed that of a fvvan. The 
bill was four inches and a half long, (lender, ftraight, 
bending on the end of the upper mandible, with no noftrils. 
The tongue half the length of the bill, and Angularly 
armed with ffrong (harp (pikes pointing backwards. Its 
bill and legs are black. The plumage is mod remarkable, 
/the feathers lying over one another with the compadtnefs 
of the feales of a fifh; the (hafts are broad and very thin ; 
the vanes unwebbed ; the head, throat, and hind part of 
the neck, are of a deep brown colour; from each lide of 
the head to the middle -of the fore part of the neck are 
two fpots of a gold colour, broad above, narrow beneath, 
and uniting half way down; from thence the fame colour 
widens towards the bread, fading away till it is loft in pure 
white, of which colour is the whole under fide of the bo¬ 
dy, a dufky line dividing it from the colour of the upper 
part. The back is of a deep a(h-colour, almort dufky; 
but the end of each feather is marked with a blue fpot, 
thofe about the jitnffion of the wings larger and paler than 
the others. The wings are extremely fliort in refpeft to 
the fize of the bird; hang down, and have the appearance 
of fins, whofe office they perform; their length is only 
fourteen inches; on the outfide they are dufky, and covered 
with feathers, whofe (hafts are fo broad and flat as fcarcely 
to be diftinguiflied from feales; thofe on the ridge of the 
wings confiding entirely of (haft; the larger or quill fea¬ 
thers have fome very (hort webs. The tail confifts of 
thirty brown feathers, or rather thin drafts, refembling fplit 
whale-bone ; flat on the upper fide, concave on the under, 
and the webs fhort, unconnected, and briftly. From the 
knees to the end of the claws is about fix inches, covered 
with ffrong pentangular black feales ; the fore toe fcarcely 
an inch long, and the others fo remarkably (hort, as to 
evince the neceflity of that ftrength of the tail, which feems 
intended as a fupport to the bird in its ere£t attitude; be¬ 
tween the toes is a ffrong femilunar membrane, continued 
tip even part of the claws ; the middle claw is near an inch 
long, and the inner edge very (harp and thin ; the interior 
toe is fmall, and placed very high. This fpecies inhabits 
Falkland Illands, Kerguelen’s Land, New Georgia, and 
New Guinea. M. Bougainville caught one, which foon 
became fo tame as to follow and know the perfon who had 
the care of it: it fed on flefh, fifh, and bread; but, after 
a time grew lean, pined away, and died. This is rather a 
fcarce fpecies. They lay in the end of September or the 
beginning of-October. They are very full of blood, fo 
that in killing them their head head (hould be fevered, to 
allow it to flow. 
3. Aptenodytes Magellanica, or Magellanic penguin : is 
about two feet, and fometimes two feet and a half, long, 
and weighs eleven pounds. The bill is black, having a 
tranfverfe band acrofs near its tip; the head and neck are 
black, except a few markings here and there; the upper 
parts of the body and wings are of the fame colour; the 
the under parts of both are white from the bread, except 
a narrow bank of black palling at a little diftance within 
the white on the bread, and downwards on each fide, be¬ 
neath the wings, quite to the thighs; the legs are of a 
feddilh colour, irregularly fpotted on the thighs; and the 
D Y T E S. 
claws are black. This fpecies, which is very numerous, 
inhabits the Straits of Magellan, Staten Land, Terra del 
Fuego, and Falkland Ifiands. As food they are not at all 
unpalatable. They often mix with fea-wolves among the 
ruffles, burrowing in holes like a fox. They fwim witli 
prodigious fwiftnefs. They lay their eggs in colleffive 
bodies, reforting in incredible numbers to certain fpots, 
which their long refidence has freed from grafs, and to 
which were given the name of towns. Penrofe obferves, 
that they compofed their neffs of mud, a foot in height, 
and placed as near one another as may be. It is pofTible 
that they may have different ways of neftling, according to 
the places they inhabit; or perhaps the manners of this 
may be blended with thofe of another. “ Here, (fays he,) 
during the breeding-feafon, we were prefented with a fight 
which conveyed amoft dreary, and I may fay awful, idea 
of the defertion of thefe ifiands by the human fpecies. A 
general ftillnefs prevailed in thefe towns; and, whenever 
we took our walks among them, in order to provide our- 
felves with eggs, we were regarded indeed with fide-long 
glances, but we carried no terror with us. The eggs are 
rather larger than thofe of a goofe, and laid in pairs. We 
took them once, and fometimes twice, in a feafon; but 
they were as often replaced by the birds. The eggs were' 
palatable food, and were preferved good for three or four 
months.” 
3. Aptenodytes demerfa, or Cape penguin: fo called 
from being found in fuch vaft numbers all around the Cape 
of Good Hope, where they neftle on the fmall ifiands in 
the vicinity of the continent; one of which is named Pen¬ 
guin IJlcy from the multitudes there are of thefe birds always 
upon it. The male of this fpecies is diftinguiflied by a 
black collar, which erodes the back, and falls over the 
bread ; the head, neck, and back, are of a brown colour, 
fpotted with black. The bill is black, having a yellow 
band acrofs near its tip. The legs and feet are black; and 
the back toe, which is not included in the membrane by 
which the others are conneffed, is very fliort, and turned- 
about to one fide. The fin, which fupplies the place of 
the wing, is fmall and flat; and the fmall pointed feathers 
that rife out of it give it the appearance of rough leather, 
rather than of the wing of a bird. Their brood confifts 
of two eggs only, of a white colour. When the young are 
excluded, the old birds defend them with great courage. 
Penguins of this fpecies are about the fize of a goofe; and, 
though altogether incapable of flight, they fometimes build 
on thefe little ifiands, at the diftance of a mile and a half 
from the fhore. As thefe birds are capable of faffing for 
feveral days, it is probable, that they do not repair every 
day to feed upon the water, during the time they rear their 
young. This is the diomedea demefa of Linnaeus, and the 
black-footed penguin of Edwards. 
4. Aptenodytes chryfocome, the hopping or crefted pen¬ 
guin : the birds of this fpecies are twenty-three inches 
long; the bill is three inches long, and of a red colour, 
with a dark furrow running along on each fide to the tip; 
the upper mandible is curved at the end, the under is ob- 
tufe; the irides are of a dull red; the head, neck, back, 
and fides, are black. Over each eye there is a ftripe of 
pale yellow feathers, which lengthens into a creft behind, 
nearly four inches long; the feathers on each fide of the 
head, above this ftripe, are longer than the reft, and (land 
upward, while thofe of the creft are decumbent, but can 
be erefled on each fide atpleafure; the w ings, or rather 
fins, are black on the outfide, edged with white; on the 
infide they are white; the bread and all the under parts 
are alfo white; the legs are orange, and the claws are 
dufky. The female has a ftreak of pale yellow over the 
eye, but it is not prolonged into a creft behind as in the 
male. This fpecies inhabits Falkland Ifiands, and was 
likewife met with in Kerguelen’s Land, or Ifle of Defola- 
tion, as well as at Van Diemen’s Land, and New Holland, 
particularly in Adventure-bay. They are called hopping 
penguins , and jumping jacks , from their attion of leaping 
quite out of the water, on meeting with the lead obftacle. 
