A Q_ U 
to Sextus V. and Paul V. who for grandeur and magnifi¬ 
cence, in repairing and beautifying the aqueducts, emulated 
the matters of tlie univerfe. 
It has been a matter of furprife, that thefe aquedufts, 
which might have been directed in a Itraight line to the 
city, approach towards it by frequent and winding mazes. 
Some have laid that this oblique track was purlued to avoid 
the expence which mult attend the building of arcades to 
an extraordinary height: others, that it was their intention 
to diminifh the impetuolity of the current, which, rolling- 
in a Itraight line through an immenfe fpace, mult always 
have inereafed its velocity, mult have .worn the canals by 
perpetual and forcible attrition, and of confequence af¬ 
forded an impure and unwholefome draught to the inha¬ 
bitants. But lince there was fo great a defeent between 
the cafcade of Tivoli and Rome, it is demanded why they 
drew water from the fame river at the diftance of more 
than twenty miles higher; nay, of more than thirty miles, 
if we reckon the curvatures of its direction through that 
mountainous country ? It is replied, the motive of obtain¬ 
ing the water more falubrious, and more limpid, was fuffi- 
cient to make the Romans think their labour necelfary, and 
their expence properly bellowed ; and to thofe who reflect 
that the waters of this river were impregnated with mine¬ 
ral particles, and by no means wholefome, the anfvvev will 
appear latisfadtory. 
If any one will cad his eyes upon plate 128th of the 
Antiquities of Father Montfaucon, he will fee with how 
much care thefe immenfe works were conftrmfted. From 
didance to didance fpiramenta were left, that, if the water 
fhould happen to be dopped by any accident, it might gra¬ 
dually dilembogne, till they could clear its ordinary paf- 
fage. There were likewife, even in the very canal's which 
conveyed the water, cavities confiderably deeper than its 
internal furface, into which the dream was precipitated, 
and where it remained dagnant till it was refined from 
mud and feculence; and ponds, where it might expand 
itl'elf till it was purified. 
The aqueduct of the aqua Marcia had an arch of fixteen 
feet in diameter. Above, there appeared two canals ; of 
which the highed was fed by the waters of the Tiverone, 
and the lower by the Claudiar. river. The entire edifice is 
l'eventy Roman feet high. The arch of the aquedutt of 
the aqua Claudia is of hewn done, very beautiful; that of 
the aqueduft of the aqua Ncronia is of brick : they are 
each of them feventy-two Roman feet in height. The 
canal of the aqueduct which was called tlte aqua Appia, 
deferves to be mentioned for the dngularity of its being 
much narrower at the lower than at the higher end. Nor 
mud we forget to mention the aqueduCt of Drufus, and 
that of Riminius, fo celebrated in ancient Rome. We 
are told by Frontinus, a man of confular dignity, who had 
the fuperintendance of the aqueducts under the emperor 
Nerva, that nine of them emptied their waters into the 
city through 13,59+ P'pes> of an inch diameter each ; and 
Vignere relates, that every twenty-four hours, Rome re¬ 
ceived no lefs than 500,000 hogfheads of water by means 
of her aquedufts! 
The munificence of the Roman emperors, in providing 
their fubjeits with this necedary article of domelfic com¬ 
fort and cleanlinefs, was not merely confined to the capi¬ 
tal, nor limited to their natural dominions. The luxury 
of excellent water was provided in a liberal manner to 
many cities that fubmitted to the Roman arms. Athens, 
the feat of Grecian glory and magnificence, was indebted 
to Rome for its mod valuable fupply of water. That city, 
even in the mod flouridling date of its republic, had re- 
courfc only to wells, which were held fo facred, that, by a 
law of Salon, thole only who lived contiguous to a well 
could claim the benefit of its waters. This defect was at 
length removed by the munificence of the emperor Adrian, 
who eredled an aqueduct to fupply all Athens with water, 
and which dill bears his name; and is adorned with a fron- 
tifpicce of the Ionic order, laid to be a more conefd fpe- 
Vol. I. No. 53. 
A Q. U 8 + i 
ciinen of 'that dile of ancient architecture than any Rome 
can fnrnirti. 
Another very furpriling indance of human art and in- 
dullry, is the aqueduCt of Metz, of which a great num¬ 
ber of arcades dill remain. Thefe arcades eroded the 
Mofelle, a river which is very broad at that place. The 
copious, fources of this aqueduct furnilhed water for the 
reprefentation of a lea-fight. This water was collected in 
arefervoir: from thence it was conducted by fubterra- 
neous canals formed of hewn done, and fo fpacious that 
a man could walk ereCt in them : it travel led the Mofelle 
upon its fuperb and lofty arcades, wiiich may be dill feen 
at the dilhmce of two leagues from Metz : fo nicely 
wrought and fo firmly cemented, that, except thofe parts 
in the middle which have been carried away by the ice, 
they have refilled, and w ill dill relid, the fevered diocks 
of the mod violent feafons. From thefe arcades, other 
aquedu'Cts conveyed the waters to the baths, and to the 
place where the naval engagement was rej relented. It is 
alio Paid, that the aqueduct of Segovia, in Spain, may be 
recorded among the mod admired labours of the Romans. 
It was built by the emperor Trajan, and is laid to be the 
bed preferved of all the Roman works. There dill remain 
150 arcades, wholly confiding of (tones enormoufly large, 
and joined without mortar. 1 hefe arcades, with the edi-' 
fice, are 102 feet high ; there are two ranges of arcades, 
one above another. The aqueduCt flows through the city, 
and runs beneath the greated number of houfes which are 
at the lower end. The aqueduCt which Louis XIV. can fed 
to be built near Maiatenon, in France, for carrying the 
river Bure to Verfailles, is perhaps the greated which now 
exids in the univerfe: it is 7000 fathoms in length, above 
2560 in height, and contains 2+2 arcades. 
A'QUEOUS-, adv. [from aqua, Lat. water.] Watery. 
—The vehement fire requilite to its fufion, forced away all 
the aqueous and fugitive moidure. Ray. 
Aqueous Humour. See Anatomy, p.597. 
A'QIJEOUSNESS, f. [ aquofitas , Lat.] Wateriflinefs. 
AQUIFO'I.IUM, f. in botany. See Ilex. 
A'QlJILA,/ in ornithology, a fynonime of the eagle. 
See Falco. 
Aquila , f. in adronomy, the Eagle, or the Vulture, as 
it is fomc-times called, isa coitde.ll at ion of the northern he- 
milphere, ufually joined with Antinous. It is one of l he 
forty-eight old condellations, according to the di’vifion of 
which Hipparchus made his Catalogue of the Fixed Stars, 
and which are delcribed by Ptolemy. Tiie number of liars 
in Aquila, and thofe near it, now in the later-formed con- 
ftellation Antinous, amount to fifteen in Ptolemy’s Cata¬ 
logue, to nineteen in Tycho’s, to forty-two in that of . le- 
velius, and to feventy-one in Flamdead’s. But in Aquila 
alone, Tycho counts only twelve liars, and Hevelius twen¬ 
ty-three ; the principal liar being Lucida Aquila, and is 
between the fird and fecond magnitude. The Greeks, as 
ufual, relate various fables of this conlfellation, to make 
the Icience appear as of their own invention. 
Aquila, a city of Italy, and the capital of Abruzzo, 
feated on the banks of the river Pefcara, near its foure’e'. 
It has an ancient cadle, and is a hi (hop's fee immedi¬ 
ately under the' pope. The land about it produces great 
plenty of faft'ron. It was very near being dedroyed by 
an earthquake, in February, 1703. The fird lhock was fo 
terrible, that the inhabitants abandoned the city; but re¬ 
turning to vcfpers, it being Candlemas-day, the diocks 
followed one another with Inch violence, that 24,000 peo¬ 
ple peridied; 800 were killed in one Angle church ; many 
other churches, monaderies, and noble buildings, were 
either fwallowed up or overturned, together with the great¬ 
er part of the city and its walls. Aquila (lands thirty miles, 
from tire fea, and fifty-two N. E. of Rome. Lat. 42. 20. N, 
Ion. 13. 39. E. 
Aqjjila.-del-Campo, a final! town of Old Cadile. 
AQCILA'RIA, /. \_aquila, Lat. an eagle ; in French,. 
bois d'aiglc, eagle-wood, from its loft}- lituation.] In bo- 
iqE tarry ss 
