€ O N 
faVdur of Angularity, that we have examined this point. 
Brown. —The manner of defcribing a figure or problem 
in geometry. 
CONSTRUC'TION of Equations, in algebra, is 
the method of reducing a known equation into lines and 
figures, in order to a geometrical demonflration. See 
Algebra. 
CONSTRUC'TIVE, adj. By confiruftion.—Where¬ 
by the creatures of tyrannical princes had opportunity to 
create abundance of conjlruBive treaforis. Blackjlone. 
CONSTRUC'TURE, f. Pile; edifice; fabric: 
They filial 1 the earth’s conflruBure clofely bind. 
And to the center keep the parts confin’d. Blackmore. 
' To CON'STRUE, v. a. ['conjlruo , I,at.] To range words 
in their natural order; to difentangle tranfpofition : 
Confute the times to their neceflities, 
And you lhall fay, indeed, it is the time, 
And not the king, that doth you injuries. Shakfpcare. 
To interpret; to explain ; to (hew the meaning.—-I mud 
crave that I be not Co underftood or confrued, as if any 
inch thing, by virtue thereof, could be done without 
the aid and afliftance of God’s molt blelfed fpirit. Hooker. 
To CON'STUPR ATE, v. a. [ conjlvpro , Lat.] To vio¬ 
late; to debauch ; to defile. 
CONSTUPRA'TION, f. Violation; defilement. 
CONSUA'LES LUDI, or Consua'lia, f Feftivals 
at Rome in honour of Confus, the god of counfel, whofe 
altar Romulus difeoyered under the ground. This altar 
was always covered, except at the feftival, when a mule 
was facrificed, and games and liorfe-races exhibited in 
honour of Neptune. It was during thefe feftivals that 
Romulus carried away the Sabine women who had affem- 
bled to be (pettators of the games. They were firft in- 
ftituted by Romulus. Some fay that Romulus only re¬ 
gulated.and re-inftituted them after they had been before 
eftablifhe'd by Evander. During the celebration, which 
happened about the middle of Auguft, the horfes were 
exempted from all labours, and were led through the 
ftreets adorned with garlands and flowers. 
CONSUBSTAN'TlAL, adj. [ cor ftbfantialis, Lat.] 
Having the fame eflence or fubfiftence.—The Lord our 
God is but one God : in which indivifible unity, nct- 
withftanding we adore the Father, as being altogether of 
liimfelf, we glorify that confubfandal Word, which is the 
Son ; we blefs and magnify that co-elfential Spirit, eter¬ 
nally proceeding from both, which is the Holy Ghoft. 
Hooker. —Being of the fame kind or nature.—It continu- 
eth a body confubjlantial with our bodies.; a body of the 
lame, both nature and meafure, which it had on earth. 
Hooker. —In their conceits the human nature of Chrift was. 
not confubfandal to ours, but of another kind. Brercwood. 
CONSUBST ANTIA'LITY ,_/1 Exiftence of more tl^an, 
one, in the fame fubftance.-—T he eternity of the Son’s 
generation, and his co-eternity and confabfanda/ify with 
the Father, when he came down from heaven. Hammond. 
•—Participation of the fame nature. 
To CONSUBSTAN'TIATE, v. a. [from con and fub- 
ftanda, Lat. ] To unite in one common fubftance or nature. 
CONSUBSTANTTA-'TION, /. The union of the 
body of our blefled Saviour with the facramental ele¬ 
ment, according to the Lutherans.—In the point of con- 
J'ubJlavdation , toward the latter end of his life, he changed 
his mind. At.Urbury. 
CONSUE-'GRA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, 
containing two pariflies, and three convents. It belongs 
to the knights of Malta. It is twenty-five miles fouth- 
fouth-eaft from Toledo, and fixty-four weft from Cuenca. 
CONSUETUDI'NI BUS et SERVl'CIIS, f. inlaw, 
is a writ of right dole, which lies againft the tenant that 
deforceth his lord of the rent or fervice due to him. When 
the writ is brought by the party in the right only, he (hall 
count of the fciiin of his anceftor, and the writ will be 
dm the .debet; but when he counts of his own feifin, then 
Vol. V. No. 259. 
CON 1'29 
the writ is in the debet et folet, &o. And if the party fay 
in the writ ut in rcdditibm et arreragih, thefe words prove 
that the demandant himfelf was feifed of the fervices ; 
and then if he count in fuch writ of feifin of his ance.C 
tors, and not of his own feifin, the writ (hall abate : fi> 
that if lie will bring a writ of cuftoms and fervices of 
the feifin of his anceftors, he ought to leave thefe words 
tit in red.ditibus, &c. out of the writ. Where a perfon 
brings a writ of cuftoms and fervices againft any tenant* 
and by count demands homage, the writ ought to make 
fpecial mention thereof; as ut in komagio, drc. or the 
writ (hall abate. New Nat. Brev. 338. F. N. B. 151. If 
this writ be brought againft tenant for life, where the 
remainder is over in fee, there the tenant may pray in 
aid of him in the remainder, &c. 
CON'SUL, f. 'iconful, confulendo , Lat.] A magiftrate 
of the Romans, with regal authority, for the (pace ut one 
year. In our old law books, coijul lignines an earl. 
There were two confuls, a confulendo , and annually chofen 
in the Campus Martius. The two firft confuls were 
L. Jun. Brutus, and L. Tarquinius Collatinus, chofen 
in the year of Rome 244, after the expulfion of the Tar- 
quins. In the firft times of the republic, the two con- 
(uls were always chofen from patrician families, or no¬ 
blemen ; but the people afterwards obtained the privi¬ 
lege of electing one of the confuls from their own body.; 
and fometimes both were plebeians. The firft conful 
among the plebeians was L. Sextius. It was required 
that every candidate for the confullhip (liould. be forty- 
three years of age, called legidmum tempus. He was always 
to appear at the election as a private man, without a re¬ 
tinue; and it was requifite, before he canvaffed for the 
office, to have difchurged the fundtions of quaeftor, edile, 
and prsetor. Sometimes thefe qualifications were difre- 
garded. Val. Corvinus was made a conful in his twenty- 
third year, and Scipio in his twenty-fourth. Young 
Marius, Pompey, and Auguftus, were alfo under the 
proper age when they were invefted with the office, and 
Pompey had never been quaeftor or praetor. The power 
of the confuls was unbounded, and they knew no fupericr 
but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of 
their office, their conduct was minutely ferutinized by 
the people, and mifbehaviour was often punifhed by the 
laws. The badges of their office was the prcetexta, a robe 
fringed with purple, afterwards exchanged for the toga, 
piBa or palmata. They were preceded by twelve lidlors, 
carrying the fafees or bundle of (ticks, in the middle of 
which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the charac- 
teriftic rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away 
from the fafees by Valerius Poplicola, but it was reltored 
by his fucoeflor. They took it by turns, monthly, to 
be preceded by the liftors while at Rome, left the ap¬ 
pearance of two perfons with the badges of royal autho¬ 
rity, (liould raife apprehenfions in the multitude. While 
one appeared'publicly in (late, only a crier walked before 
the other, and the lidlors followed behind without the 
fafees. Their authority was equal; yet the Valerian law 
gave the right of priority to the older, and the Julian 
law to him who had the molt children, and he was gene¬ 
rally called conful major or prior. As their power was 
abfolute, they prelided over, the fenate, and could con¬ 
vene and difmils it at pleafure. The fenators were their 
counfellors ; and, among the Romans, the manner of 
reckoning their years was by the name of the confuls, 
and by M. Tull. Cicerone & L. Antonio, Conjulibus for inltar.ee, 
the year of Rome 689 was,always underftood. This cui- 
tom lafted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294, 
or 541ft year of the Chriftian era, when the conlular office 
was totally (uppreffed by Juftinian. In public aflembiies 
the confuls fat in ivory chairs, and held in their hands an 
ivory wand, called feipio eburncus , which had an eagle on 
its top, as a (ign of dignity and power. When they ha-d 
drawn by lot the provinces over which they were to 
prefide during their confullhip, the'y went to the capitol 
to offer their prayers to the gods, • and entreat them to 
L l proteT 
