212 
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arboreous; Involucre very large; leaflets obcordate. This 
fort feldom rifes above feven or eight feet high, but is 
generally well furnilhed with large leaves. It does not 
flower here very plentifully, nor does is produce berries 
fn England, though it very hardy. There is a variety 
of it with a rofe-coloured involucre, which was found 
wild in Virginia by Baniiter, and afterwards by Catelby. 
They are great ornaments to the woods in America, by 
their early flowering in the fpring before the leaves 
appear, and by their berries hanging on all the winter. 
Catelby fays, that the bloffoms break forth in the begin¬ 
ning of March, being at firft not fo wide as a fixpence, 
but increaling gradually to the breadth of a man’s hand, 
being not of their full bignefs till about fix weeks after 
they begin to open. This is the involucre. It is greenifh 
white, fometimes rofe-coloured, and each of the four 
leaflets has a deep indenture at the end. The berries are 
from two to fix in a clufler, clofely joined, on peduncles 
an inch long; they are red, oval, and the fize of large 
haws : being bitter, they are little coveted by birds, ex¬ 
cept in time of dearth. The wood is white, has a clofe 
grain, and is very hard, like that of box. It is common 
in.our nurferies, where it is known by the name of Virgi¬ 
nia dogwood, and was cultivated in 1739, by Mr. Miller. 
Catelby fays, that Fairchild had it in his garden. It 
flowers in April and May. 
2. Cornus mafcula, or cornelian cherry: arboreous; 
umbels equalling the involucre. In its wild Hate it is a 
fhrub four or five feet in height ; but, cultivated, it ad¬ 
vances into a tree twenty feet high ; fhoots afh-coloured 
and pubefeent ; leaves in pairs, ovate-lanceolate, fub- 
hirfute. The flowers come out very early in the fpring, 
before the leaves; corolla yellow, fpreading, and at length 
reflected, longer than the llamens ; fruit oblong, of a high 
Iliining fcarlet colour, the fize and form of a fmall olive 
or an acorn. The geflation endures about five months, 
and the greater part of the flowers drop without fruit. 
The cornelian cherry is very common in plantations of 
fhrubs. If the feafon be mild, the flowers will come out 
Hie beginning of February ; and, though there be no great 
beauty in them, yet they are produced in plenty at a 
feafon when few other flowers appear. Formerly it was 
cultivated for the fruit, which was ufed to make tarts, 
and a rob de cornis was kept in the fliops. Cornel, fays 
Evelyn, grows with us of good bulk and fiature, and 
is exceedingly commended for its durablenefs in wheel- 
work, pins, and wedges, in which it lalts like the hardefl 
iron. Native of France, Rufiia, Germany, Swiflerland, 
Auftria, Carniola, Piedmont, the Milanefe. Cultivated 
in 1596, by Gerarde. 
3. Cornus Japonica, or Japan dogwood: arboreous; 
umbels exceeding the involucre ; leaves ferrate. Stem 
ereft, fix feet in Height ; branches oppolite, Inflated, 
alli-coloured, fmooth; flowers terminating, umbelled, 
white. Native of Japan. L’Heriter affirms, that this is 
a viburnum. 
4. Cornus fanguinea, or common dogwood : arboreous; 
cymes depreiTed ; branches flraight; leaves ovate, con- 
color. Height from four or five to eight or ten feet. Some 
of the flowers are female. Fruit round, obfeurely umbi- 
licate, very dark purple ; the pulp foft and bitter, the 
ftone round, bony, marked obfeurely with eight furrows, 
two-celled, with one plano-convex white Iced in each 
cell. Native of Europe, in hedges, efpecially in a calca¬ 
reous foil. It flowers in June, and the berries ripen in 
Augufi. This common lhrub has a variety of names in 
different parts of our kingdom; as, female cornel, dog- 
berry-tree, nound’s-tree, hound’s-berry-tree, prickwood, 
from its ufe in making lkewers, gaten or gatten-tree, ga- 
ter or gatter-tree. Our common dogwood, fays Evelyn, 
is like the cornel for compaftnefs, and is made ufe of for 
cart-timber, and ruflfle inflruments, for mill-cogs, fpokes, 
bobbins for bone-lace, and the belt of tooth-pickers and 
butchers’ lkewers. Being hard and even, it is fit alio for 
ihe turner. In fome countries abroad they extract an oil 
N U S. 
from the berries for lamps, by boiling them in water, and 
prelfing.them. Haller obferves, that thefe berries are 
very bitter and flyptic, but not ufed in medicine. Miller 
intorms us, that the iruit is often brought intoour mar¬ 
kets, and fold for buckthorn-berries, from which how¬ 
ever it may eafily be gififlngui fifed; there being only one 
Hone in this, whereas the buckthorn has four Hones; the 
latter alfo Hains paper green, but the juice of the former 
is purple. Dogwood is called virgin fanguinea by old au¬ 
thors, from the young flioots being of a fine red colour. 
A variety with variegated leaves is to be found in the 
nurferies, but it is not much efieemed. 
5. Cornus alba, or white-berried dogwood : arboreous: 
cymes deprelfed; branches recur-ved ; leaves broad-ovate, 
hoary underneath. This very much refembles the fore¬ 
going, differing only in its recurved branches and white 
berries. Stem woody, putting out many laferal branches 
near the ground, fo that unlefs it is trained while young, 
it generally fpreads low. The brandies during funvtner 
are brownifli, but in winter change to a fine red. The 
flowers are produced in large cymes at the extremity of 
every lhoot, towards the end of May, and are white : the 
fruit alfo becorttes finally white ; but, unlefs thefe fiirubs 
are planted in a fiiff ground, they rarely produce much 
fruit, except in cold wet feafons. This l'pecies was firfl 
diicovered by Gmelin ; and afterwards was found by 
Meflerfchmidt, near Kamtfchatka': it is frequent through 
all Siberia ; alfo in North America. The feeds were firH 
fent by profefibr Ammann, of Peterfburgh, to England. 
6. Cornus fericea, or blue-berried dogwood: arboreous; 
cymes lfaked, deprelfed ; branches patulous; leaves ovate, 
ferruginous-filky underneath. This flirub grows two 
fathoms in height, with an upright, round, branched, 
grey Hem. Flowers pedicelled, horizontal, white, with 
the difle at firH white, but afterwards brown, or dark pur¬ 
ple. The leaves are narrower and deeper veined than in 
the foregoing; the flowers grow in linaller cymes ; the 
fruit is fmaller, and of a deep blue colour when ripe. 
The flioots are of a beautiful red colour in winter ; and 
in luminer the leaves being large, of a whitilh colour on 
their under fide ; and the bunches of white flowers grow¬ 
ing at the extremity of every branch, this lhrub is valu¬ 
able ; and in autumn, when the large bunches of blue 
berries are ripe, it makes a fine appearance. Native of 
North America. 
7. Cornus alternifolia, or alternate-leaved dogwoodi 
arboreous; leaves alternate. Native of North America. 
The branches are fometimes red, and fometimes green. 
It is lingular in having the leaves alternate; the twigs 
alio being dichotomous, this flirub has a different appear¬ 
ance from its congeners ; the petioles alfo are longer than 
in the other l'pecies. It flowers in September. 
8. Cornus luecica, or herbaceous dogwood: herba¬ 
ceous; with branches in pairs. This elegant plant is 
about fix inches high. The involucre confifls of four 
white leaves refembling petals, in the center of which 
are twenty or more fmall blackilh flowers, on fhort pe¬ 
duncles ; the flowers are very fmall, in a Ample umbel : 
they are fucceeded by a clufier of berries, which are red 
when ripe; in each of them is a heart-lhaped Hone. The 
berries have a fweet waterifh tafle, and are acceptable to 
children ; they are fuppofed by the highlanders to create 
an appetite, and hence the Erie name, ius-a-chrafis , plant 
of gluttony. Native of the north of Europe, and the whole 
northern tradt of the Ruffian empire, from the Baltic to 
the eaflern ocean ; Cheviot and other hills in the north 
of England ; and in moorifh places by rivulets on the 
fides of the highland mountains in Scotland. It is com¬ 
monly known under the name of dwarf honeyfuckle, and 
flowers in June. 
9. Cornus Canadenfis, or Canadian dogwood : herbace¬ 
ous ; with no branches. This is only a hand in height, and 
has the habit of trientalis or paris. Flowers white, with a 
violet-coloured bottom. Linnaeus fays the involucre is 
longer than in the foregoing; Pallas fufpedts it to be only 
a variety 
