324 
C R A 
by a brafte refevnbiing the calycine appendicles. The 
throat of the corolla, which is more clammy than any 
part of the plant, generally has abundance of very fmall 
flies, which are attracted by the honey juice, and being 
entangled in it, there meet their death. Linnaeus ob- 
ferves, that the calyx is ovate, diffefted above longitu¬ 
dinally, and has two braftes at the bale. It refembles 
Martynia annua, but the tube of the corolla is feven or 
eight inches long. The root, which is brown without, 
but white within, round, flefliy thick, has a fvveet tafte, 
and is eaten frefh with milk, or preferved with l'ugar. It 
is ufed in the Spapilh Weft Indies for the fame purpofes 
ns that of fcorzonera is in Europe, and is called there by 
the fame name. It was difcovered in the neighbourhood 
of Carthagena, in New Spain, by William Houlton, M. D. 
who lent the feeds to England. For the propagation 
and culture, lee Gesneria and Martynia. 
CRA'N'IUM, f. [Lat. from the head.] The 
fkull.—In wounds made by contulicn, when the cranium 
is a little naked, you ought not prefently to crowd in 
dollils; for if that contufed flelli be well digelted, the 
bone will incarn with the wound without much diffi¬ 
culty. Wifeman. —See Anatomy. 
CRANK, f [This word is perhaps a contraftion of 
crane-neck , to which it may bear fome refemblance, and 
is the gib part of the inftrument called a crane. ] A crank 
is moftly in form of an elbow, projecting out from an 
axis or lpindle on which it turns, and ferving,- by its ro¬ 
tation, to raife and fall the piltons of engines ; to give 
motion to worms or wheels ; to ring bells, or be made 
fubfervient to many fimilar ufes. Any bending or wind¬ 
ing pailage : 
I fend it through the rivers of your blood, 
Even to the court, the heart, to th’ feat o’ th’ brain; 
And through the cranks and offices of man, 
The ftrongeft nerves, and fmall inferior veins. Shake/pcarc. 
Any conceit formed by twilling or changing, in any man¬ 
ner, the form or meaning of a word : 
Hade thee, nymph, and bring with thee 
Jell and youthful jollity, 
Quips and cranks, and wanton wiles, 
Nods and becks, and wreathe^ fmiles. 
Such as hang on Hebe’s cheek, 
And love to live in dimple tleek. Milton. 
CRANK, ad}, [from onkranck, Dut. Skinner. ] Healthy; 
fprightly : fometimes corrupted to cranky. Not in ufc. 
They Iookcn bigge, as bulls that been bate, 
And bearen tire crag fo (liff and fo date, 
As cockle on his dunghill crowing cfanke. Spcnfer. 
Among failors, a diip is faid to be crank, when, by the 
farm of its bottom, or by being loaded too much above, 
it is liable to be ovcrfet; [from kranck, Dutch, dck.] 
To CRAN'KLE, v. n. [from crank, as it dgnifies fome- 
thing bent.] To run in and out; to run in flexures and 
windings : 
See how this river comes me crankling in, 
And cuts me from the belt of all my land 
A huge half moon, a mondrous cantle out. Shakefpcare. 
To CRAN'KLE, v. a. To break into unequal fur- 
faces; to break into angles : 
Old Vaga’s dream, 
Forc’d by the hidden diock, her wonted track 
Torlook, and drew her humid train allope, 
Crankling her banks. Philips. 
CR AN'KLES, J\ Inequalities; angular prominences. 
CRANK'NESS, f. Health; vigour; difpofition to 
overfet. 
CRAN'MER (Thomas), an Englidi archbidiop, me¬ 
morable for having fuffered martyrdom in the caufe of 
protedantilm, was delcended from an ancient family in 
Nottinghamlliire, and burn at Adacton in that county, 
in i-fSy. In 1,503 ho was admitted of Jefus-college in 
* . C R A 
Cambridge, of which he became fellow. In 1523 lie was 
made doftor of divinity. The immediate caufe of his 
advancement in the church, was the opinion he gave 
upon Henry Vlllth’s divorce from Catharine of Spain. 
For having, on account of the plague at Cambridge, re¬ 
tired to Waltham-abbey, where a relation of his lived, 
Edward Fox, the king’s almoner, and Stephen Gardiner, 
the fecretary, accidentally came to that houle. Here the 
converfation turning upon the king’s divorce, Cranmer 
being delired to fpeak upon that point, delivered it as 
his opinion, “ That it would be much better to have 
this queftion, Whether a man may marry his brother’s 
wife or no? difculied and decided by the divines upon 
the authority of God’s word, than thus from year to year 
to prolong the time by having recourfe to the pope : 
that there was but one truth in if,, which the feripture 
would foon declare and manifell, being handled by 
learned men; and that might be done as well at the uni- 
verfities in England, as at Rome, or elfewhere.” This 
opinion being communicated to the king, liis majelty 
approved of if. Cranmer was in confequencc lent for to 
court, made the.king’s chaplain, placed in the family of 
Thomas Boleyne earl of Wiltffiire and Ormond, and or¬ 
dered to write upon the fubjeft of the divorce. He did 
fo; and ffiewed, by the telfimonies of the lcriptures, of 
general councils, and ancient writers, that the bilhop of 
Rome had not authority fufficient to difpenfe with the 
word of God: from which we may learn, that the refor¬ 
mation, which Luther had fet on foot in Germany, in 
1517, had alfo made fome progrefs in the hearts of men 
here in England. When he had finiihed his book, he 
went to Cambridge to difpute upon that point, and 
brought many over to his opinion. About this time he 
was made archdeacon of Taunton. 
In 1330 lie was fent, with fome others, into France, 
Italy, and Germany, to difeufs the affair of the king’s 
marriage. At Rome lie got his book prefented to the 
pope, and offered to difpute openly againft the validity 
of Henry’s marriage ; but nobody chole to engage him. 
While lie was at Rome, the pope conllituted him his 
penitentiary throughout England, Ireland, and Wales ; 
not fo much, we may imagine, out of kindnefs and re- 
Ipeft, a? to quiet and appeafe that reforming fpirit, which 
he had already difcovered. Upon the death of Warham, 
archbilhop of Canterbury, in Auguft, 1532, Cranmer was 
nominated his fuccellbr ; but he refufed to accept of that 
dignity, unlefs he was to receive it immediately from the 
king without the pope’s intervention. He was confe- 
crated in March 1533 ; at w hich time he made an tinufual 
proteftation, which the curious reader may lee in the 
Appendix to Strype’s Memorials, &c. His defign by 
this expedient was to preferve to himfelf the liberty of 
doing his duty to God, the king, and his country, in 
fpite of the pope’s interpofitions ; and this made him re¬ 
nounce every claufe in his oath, udiich feemed to bar him 
from it. May 23, 1533, he pronounced the fentence of 
divorce between king Henry and queen Catharine ; and 
likewife married the king to Anne Boleyne, the 28th : 
though lord Herbert lays, in his Ililtory of Henry VIII. 
that Cranmer did not marry him, but only was prefent 
while another did it. The pope threatening him with 
excommunication for his fentence againft queen Catha¬ 
rine, he appealed from his holinels to a general council; 
and ever after difputed againft the pope’s fupremacy. 
He now began to aft vigoroufly in the work of the re¬ 
formation ; and, as the fir ft ftep towards it, procured the 
Bible to be now firft tranflated into Englilh, and to be 
dilperfed, which had ever before been forbidden by the 
pope. Next he forwarded the dilfolution of the monafte- 
ries; and, in 1535, performed a provincial vifitation, 
for the purpofe of recommending the king’s fupremacy, 
which he did in many places by preaching. In his fer- 
1110ns he Ihewed, 1. That the bilhop of Rome was no 
more God’s vicar upon earth than other biiliops w^ere ; 
and declared by what arts he had ufurped that authority. 
• 2. That 
