332 C R A T 
it is called white leaf tree. According to Ray, in Worcef- 
terfhire and Staffordfhire, in Lancashire and Weftmore- 
land, it has the names of red chcfs-appki and Jea owltrs. 
In Derbyftiire, they call it the wi^d pear-tree. - Gerarde 
calls it Cumberland hawthorn. In German it is named 
mehlbeerbaum or inehlbaum ; in Danifh, axelbczr ; in Swedifh, 
oxel, oxeltracd or oxelbaer ; in French, alizier ; in Italian, 
aria, or Jorbo pelo/o-, in Spanifh, mojlaco. The wood, 
being hard, tough and fmooth, is nied for axle-trees, 
wheels, walking-fticks, and the handles of tools. The 
fruit is eatable when mellowed by the autumnal jfrofts, 
and an ardent fpirit may be difiilled from it. The 
ftraight handfome growth of the tree, the fmoothnefs of 
the bark, the extreme whitenefs on the under furface of 
the leaves, the handfome bunches of white flowers on 
their mealy peduncles, fucceeded by red berries, render 
this a defirable tree to mix with others in ornamental 
plantations. It bears lopping, and permits^ grabs to 
grow under it. The Swedifh variety, crataegus fuecica, 
has the leaves deeply finuated, pinnatifid, and even pin¬ 
nate. The Britifli tihe never is f'o. Haller remarks 
that the fruit of this is bitter. It alfo varies with 
leaves not tomentofe or white underneath ; in the variety 
the peduncles, fruit, See. are deftitute of nap. 
2. Crataegus torminalis, or wild fervice or forb, or 
maple-leaved fervice : unarmed ; leaves fmooth, feven- 
angled, the lowed: lobes divaricate ; calyxes villofe. 
This rifes to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a 
large trunk, fpreading at the top into many branches, fo 
as to form a large head. The young branches are cover¬ 
ed with a purplifh bark, marked with white fpots. 
Leaves alternate, on pretty long foot-ftalks, cut into 
many acute angles, like thofe of the maple-tree ; they 
are near four inches long, and three broad in the mid¬ 
dle, having feveral fmaller indentures towards the top ; 
they are of a bright green on their upper fide, but a little 
woolly on their under; the flowers are produced in large 
bunches towards the end of the branches; they are 
white, and fliaped like thofe of the pear-tree, but fmaller, 
and on longer peduncles; they appear in May, and are 
fuccecded by roundifh comprefled fruit, lhaped like 
common haws, but larger; ripening in autumn, when 
they are of a brown colour, and if kept till they are 
foft, in the fame way as medlars, have an agreeable acid 
flavour; flyles, according to Haller, two or three, fo 
glued together as to feem but one ; feeds two to four ; 
as Crantz fays, in two cells; the wood of this tree is 
hard and very white; it is ufeful for ipany purpofes, 
particularly in mill-work; the fruit is fold in the Lon¬ 
don markets in autumn. Native of Denmark, Germapy, 
Auftria, Swiiferland, Burgundy, Piedmont, England, in 
many parts, chiefly upon firong foils ; in Caen-wood and 
Bifhop’s-wood near Hampftead ; in Hertfordfhire, See. 
The alpine variety, which Miller makes a diftinft fpe- 
cies, crataegus alpina, is about twenty feet high ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, (lightly ferrate, on very fhort foot-ftalks, 
about three inches long, and one inch and a half broad, 
feffening towards both ends, deep green on both fides ; 
flowers in (mall bunches, rarely more than four or five 
flowers in each; fruit the fize of the common haw, but 
dark brown. Native of Monte Baldo, and other moun¬ 
tains of Italy. 
3. Crataegus coccinea, or great American hawthorn : 
thorny ; leaves cordate-ovate, gafli-angled, fmooth ; pe¬ 
tioles and calyxes glandular; flowers five-ftyled. This 
rifes to the height of near twenty feet in England, with 
a large upright trunk, dividing into many firong, irregu¬ 
lar, lmooth, branches, fo as to form a large head ; leaves 
large and bending backwards; they are about four 
inches long, and three and a half broad, have five or fix 
pairs of ftrong nerves, and become of a brownifti red in 
autumn ; the flowers come out from the fide of the 
branches in large chillers; they are large, make a noble 
(how in May, and are fucceeded by large peur-lhaped 
M G U S. 
fruit of a bright fcarlet colour,which ripens in September. 
Native of Virginia and Canada. 
4. Crataegus viridis, or green-leaved Virginian haw¬ 
thorn : unarmed ; leaves lanceolate-ovate, fubtrilobate, 
ferrate, fmooth. This is probably a variety of the fore¬ 
going. Thefe North American fpecies vary much in 
having thorns or none, in the number of the ftyles- and 
form of the leaves. 
5. Crataegus pundlata, or great-fruited hawthorn; 
and its varieties, x. with red fruit; /?. with yellow fruit; 
thorny or unarmed ; leaves obovate, wedge-form, fmooth, 
ferrate; calyxes fubvillofe; leaflets (ubulate, entire. 
Fruit orange-red, dotted with brown, whitifli within ; 
(tones very hard, the fame number with the (tyles. Na¬ 
tive of America. 
6. Crataegus crus galli, or cockfpur hawthorn? 
thorny; leaves fubfeflile, glittering, coriaceous; calycine 
leaflets lanceolate, fubferrate ; flowers two ftyled. Of 
this there are three varieties: a. Fol. obovato-cuneifftr- 
mibus, or common cockfpur hawthorn : leaves obovate- 
wedge-form. /?. Fol. oblongo-lanceolatis fubcuneifor- 
mibus, or pyracantha-leaved cockfpur hawthorn : leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, nearly wedge-form. y. Fol. lanceo- 
latis, or willow-leaved cockfpur hawthorn: leaves lan¬ 
ceolate. 
Stem firong, ten or twelve feet high ; bark of the ftem 
rough, of the branches fmooth and reddifli; leaves lan¬ 
ceolate, three inches long, and one inch broad in the 
middle, ferrate, of a lucid green ; generally two toge¬ 
ther ; petals white, with a blufh ; fruit globular, of a 
fine red colour; it flowers in June. Native of North 
America. 
7. Crataegus tomentofa, or woolly-leaved hawthorn j 
branches thorny; leaves wedge-form-ovate, ferrate, 
fomewhat angular, villofe underneath. This has a 
(lender fhrubby ftem, about fix or (even feet high, fend¬ 
ing out many irregular branches, armed with long (lender 
thorns; the flowers appear at the beginning of June, 
and the fruit ripens very late in the autumn. Native of 
North America. There is a variety of this, called in 
the nurferies Carolina hawthorn, which has longer and 
whiter leaves, larger flowers and fruit, but no thorns. 
8. Crataegus Indica, or Indian hawthorn: unarmed; 
leaves lanceolate, ferrate ; corymbs fealy. A large tree, 
without thorns. Native of the Eafi Indies and Cochin- 
china. The wood is reddifli, heavy, and tough ; it is fit 
for oars and other ufes that require toughnefs. 
9. Crataegus oxyacantha, or common hawthorn or 
whitethorn; and its varieties : a. Crataegus vulgaris, or 
common ; /?. crataegus major, or great-fruited ; y. Cra¬ 
taegus praecox, or Glaftenbury ; crattegus plena, or 
double-flowered; e. Crataegus flava, or yellow-berried; 
C. crataegus alba, or white-berried; and >j. crataegus in- 
cifa, or fine-leaved: leaves obtufe, fubtrifid, ferrate. 
Styles two, fometimes three or four ; feeds ufually two, 
but fometimes one, three, or four. The common haw¬ 
thorn and its varieties flower ufually in May. In 17S3 
the hawthorn began to flower on the 21ft of March ; 
the year following it was fix weeks later. It was almoft 
as early in 1794, and as late in 1795. The extremes of 
flowering in Mr. White’s calendar are from April 20th 
to June nth. Some flowers yet remained on the bu(hes 
the 20th of June 1795. The Glaftenbury variety flowers 
ufually in January or February, fometimes earlier, fo 
that it may happen to be in flower on Chriftmas-day. 
Few trees exceed the hawthorn in beauty during the 
feafon when it is in bloom. It is proper therefore for 
ornamental plantations, and particularly to (land Angle 
in lawns or parks, where it will grow to the height of 
twenty or even thirty feet; the trunk fometimes mea- 
furing from five to nine feet in circumference. The 
wood is tough, and may be ufed for axle-trees and the 
handles of tools. The root of an old thorn, fays Eve¬ 
lyn, is excellent both for boxes and combs; when planted 
1 ” Angle j 
