C R A 
Angle, it rifes with a .ftem-big enough for the ufe of the 
turner, and the wood is fcarcely inferior to box. A de¬ 
coction of the bark yields a yellow dye ; and with cop¬ 
peras is ufed to dye black. The berries are the winter 
food of the thrufli, and many other birds; fvyiiie'alfo 
and deer are fond of them. The peafants in many coun¬ 
tries eat them, and in Kamfchatka they alfo make a wine 
of them. It is well known that the white-thorn, makes 
the bed quick or live fences. See Hedges. In German 
it is named hagedorn ; in Daniih, 'hagetorn ; in Swedilh, 
hagtorn; whence our hawthorn \ the fruit being called 
haws. It is called alfo in Englifh, white-thorn ; and of 
fome Londoners, fays Gerarde, may-hujh ; when ufed for 
hedges, quick. In French, aubepine, or epine blanche ; in 
Italian, biancofpino ; in Spanifh, e'[pino bianco. 
Of the varieties, 13 . The fruit of the fecond is exceed¬ 
ingly large, oblong, fmooth, and bright fcarlet. e. The 
yellow, has the buds at their firft appearance in the 
ipring, of a fine yellow, and the fruit is of a golden co¬ 
lour. It is a great bearer, and retains its fruit all winter. 
It was originally brought from Virginia. £. The white, 
is but a paltry tree. S. The double-blolfomed, is one of 
the greatelt ornaments of our fhrubberies, and may be 
kept down to any lize. The beautiful flowers come out 
in large bunches in May, and the flirub often appears co¬ 
vered with them : they are at firfl of a pure white, and 
die to a faint red : they are frequently fucceeded by fmall 
imperfect fruit. 
io. Crataegus monogyna, or fmgle-flyled Crataegus r 
leaves fubtrifid, acute, lobes fpreading, quite entire be¬ 
low ; flowers one-fly led. There is fuch uncertainty in 
the number of ftyles in this genus, that we can hardly 
eonfider the monogyna of Jacquin as a diftinbt fpecies. 
Our Britifh flirub is fuppofed to be this, and not the Cra¬ 
taegus oxyacantha of Linnaeus and others. Yet Mr. 
Lyons has obferved that the ftyle, at firfl Ample, is after¬ 
wards- divided into two ; and Dr. Withering obferved 
two ftyles in one plant. Scopoli fays that he has ex¬ 
amined thoufands of fertile flowers, and that he con- 
ffantly obferved one ftyle, and one ftone. Villars affirms 
that he has rarely feen two ftyles. Scopoli remarked 
fome barren flowers to be digynous or femidigynous. 
D’AfTo fays that the hawthorn is conftantly monogynous 
in Spain. According to Allioni, crataegus monogyna 
has the leaves more fhining, extremely fmooth, deeply 
cut into three or five lobes; the peduncles fmooth, the 
fegments of the calyx reflex; and one feed only con¬ 
ftantly in the fruit. Pallas has defcribed and figured a 
variety under the name of crataegus monogyn'a nigra,, the 
berries of which finally turn black. 
n. Crataegus azarolus, parfley-Ieaved hawthorn, or 
azarole: leaves obtufe, fubtrifid, fomewhat toothed. This 
has a ftrong ftem twenty feet high, having many ftrong 
irregular branches, covered with a light-coloured bark - T 
the leaves are in fhape fomewhat like thofe of the common 
hawth.orn, but much larger, and of a paler colour. The 
flowers come out in fmall clufters from the fide of the 
branches, and are in fhape like thofe of the common haw¬ 
thorn, but much larger; as is alfo the fruit, which when 
fully ripe has an agreeable acid tafte, for which it is 
efteemed in Italy and the Levant, where it is ferved up in 
the defert. Native of the fouth of Europe, the Levant, 
Sec. Cultivated 1656, by Mr. John Tradefcant. 
12. Crataegus Maura, or Barbary hawthorn : leaves ob¬ 
long, toothed at the end. Stature and appearance of 
crataegus oxyacantha; bark afh-coloured; no fpines. 
Native of Barbary. 
13. Crataegus villofa, or hairy hawthorn: leaves ob¬ 
long, acuminate, fmooth, ferrate ; flowers in a compound 
umbel. Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate-oblong, vein¬ 
ed, villofe, two inches long;, fruit villofe. 
14. Crataegus laevis, or foft hawthorn : leaves ovate, 
acuminate, fmooth, ferrate, flowers in an almoft fimple 
umbel. It differs from the foregoing, in haying leaves 
broader in the middle, drawn more to a point at both 
• Vol, V. No. 276, 
C R A 333 
ends, aggregate, not folitary; and in the umbel being 
almoft fimple. 
15. Crataegus glabra, or fmooth hawthorn : leaves 
oblong, acute, fmooth, ferrate, flowers in a compound 
panicle. Differs from the two foregoing in having ob¬ 
long, not ovate, leaves thicker and evergreen ; petals vil¬ 
lofe at the bufe ; and a large compound panicle. Thefe 
three were found in Japan, by chevalier-Tliunberg. This 
is a tree, and the two former fhrubs. 
1 6. Crataegus cordata, or maple-leaved hawthorn : 
thorny ; leaves cordate-ovate, gain-angled, fmooth, pe¬ 
tioles and calyxes without glands; flowers five-ftyled. 
Rifes with a ftrong woody ftem about four feet high, 
fending out many fpreading branches, which incline to a 
horizontal pofition ; leaves .different in form, fome in¬ 
dented at the petiole, others not; they are about tin inch 
and a half long, and nearly of the fame breadth in the 
middle,, ending in acute points, and their borders cut 
into feveral acute parts, which are fharply ferrate; they 
are of a bright green, and ftand on very flender petioles, 
about an inch in length; the branches are armed with a 
few pretty long flender fpines ; the flowers come out in 
fmall bunches from the fide of the branches; flower 
fomewhat fmaller than the common whitethorn ; fruit an 
oblate fpheroid, fcarlet, the lize of a red currant ; the 
navel loofe, naked ; ftones five, the tops filling up the 
navel, and naked; it flowers the laft of the genus. 
This fort was raifed in the Chelfea garden in 1738, from 
feeds which came from North America, by the title of 
new haw. It flowers the latter end of June, and the 
fruit ripens in autumn. 
17. Crataegus pyrifolia, or pear-leaved hawthorn: 
thorny or unarmed ; leaves ovate-elliptic, gafh-ferrate, 
fomewhat plaited and hirt; calyxes a little villofe ; 
leaflets linear-lanceolate, ferrate ; flowers three-ftyied. 
18. Crataegus elliptica, or oval-leaved hawthorn.: 
thorny ; leaves elliptic, unequally ferrate, fmooth, pe¬ 
tioles and calyxes glandular, berries globular, five-feed- 
ed. Natives of North America. 
19. Crataegus glandulofa, or hollow-leaved hawthorn : 
thorny; leaves obovate-wedgeform, angular, fmooth, 
glittering ; petioles, ftipules, and calyxes, glandular ; 
berries oval, five-feeded. This has very flout thorns. 
It flowers in May and June; is a native of North Ame¬ 
rica ; and was cultivated in 175P by Archibald duke of 
Argyle. 
20. Crataegus flava, or yellow pear-berried hawthorn..: 
thorny.; leaves obovate-wedgeform; angular, fmooth, 
glittering; petioles,, ftipules, and calyxes, glandular; 
berries turbinate,, four-feeded.. There are often fmall 
leaves on the thorns, which in this and the following 
fpecies are flender, and a little bent in at the end. This 
flowers in May ; is a native of North America; and was 
cultivated in 17,58 by Mr. Miller. 
21. Crataegus parvifolia, or goofeberry-leaved haw¬ 
thorn: thorny; leaves wedgeform-ovate, gaflied, fer¬ 
rate; calycine leaflets gafhed, the length of the. fruit; 
flowers five-ftyled. This is a flirub of humble growth, 
feldom rifing more than fix or feven feet, fending out a 
great number of flender branches, which are interwoven, 
and armed with very long flender fliarp . thorns; the 
leaves are fcarcely one inch long,.and fame are. not more 
than half an inch broad,, but others are almoft-as broad 
as they are long; they are ferrate, and have very fliort 
foot-ftalks ; the fruit is fmaller than thatiof.the common 
hawthorn, and is of an herbaceous yellow colour, when 
ripe ;. the feeds were, fent from Virgipiaby Banifter, and 
fome of the plants were raifed. in- bifliop. Campton’s;gar- 
den at Fulham before 1713,..and afterwards by Archibald 
duke of Argyle at Whitton. It is generally known by 
the name of lord IJlaff hawthorn^ and flowers..in.May and 
June. 
22. Crataegus fanguinea, or red hawthorn: thorny; 
leaves, feven angled-lerrate, ..produced’ a.t the bafe pe¬ 
tioles fubmarginate, Height frequently, from two to 
4 Q^, three 
