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334 
three fathoms; trunk the thicknefs of the human arm or 
thigh, very much branched from the bottom, and fpread- 
ing ; branches fometimes unarmed, but fometimes armed 
with long and very fpreading thorns, covered with a 
bark of a reddifh tefhaceous colour, with alb-coloured 
fpots here and there ; flowers in corymbs at the ends of 
all the branchle'cs ; thefe are lo abundant, that the tree 
is very-handfome when in flower and fruit; fruit large, 
very red ; it flowers at the end of May ; the fruit ripens 
at the end of-Augu.il, and after the firft frolis in Septem¬ 
ber becomes very eatable ; the leaves acquire a ferugi- 
nous tinge at the beginning of winter. Native of Sibe¬ 
ria ; and perhaps the Crataegus of Kamtfchatka. 
23. Crataegus bibas, or Chinefe hawthorn : unarmed: 
leaves lanceolate, ferrate, tomentofe ; racemes terminat¬ 
ing, hifpid. This is a middle-lized tree, with fpreading 
branches; leaves unequally ferrate, fcattered, on Ihort 
petioles; flowers white, in large bunches ; fruit middle- 
fized, pear-fhaped, yellow, lanuginafe, of a fweet acid 
flavour, juicy, eatable. Cultivated abundantly about 
Macao and Canton in China. 
Propagation and Culture. The white beam tree may be 
propagated by feeds, which fhould be fown foon after 
they are ripe ; for if they are kept out of the ground till 
fpring, they remain at lead one year in the ground before 
the plants appear ;■ fo that the fruit fhould be buried in 
the ground, as is pradlifed with the common haws, holly- 
berries, and thofe other hard feeds which do not come up 
the fame year; and when the plants come up, they may 
be treated in the fame manner as the haws, but the^ 
fhould by.no means be headed or cut down. On a poor 
chalky foil they make great progrefs, and the wood is 
very white and hard. It may alfo be propagated by 
layers in the fame manner as the lime and elm, but thefe 
fhould be laid in the young wood : two years elapfe be¬ 
fore they have f'ufficient roots to tranfplant. -It may alfo 
be raifed from cuttings planted in autumn in a fliady 
border, but not an eighth part will fucceed. Trees 
raifed from feeds grow much larger and flraighter, than 
from layers or cuttings. This tree will take by grafting 
or budding upon pear-flocks very well, and pears will 
take by grafting upon this. Although both-thefe will 
fometimes take upon the Mefpilus, yet neither of them 
thrive fo well, or lafl fo long, as when they are grafted 
or budded upon each other. The wild or maple-leaved 
fervice may be propagated in the fame way, but requires 
a ftrong foil. 
All the forts of American hawthorn may be raifed 
from feeds fown in autumn, in the fame manner as the 
firft fort, or as the common hawthorn : but as thefe feeds, 
being brought from America, frequently do not arrive 
here till fpring, the fruit may be buried in the ground till 
the autumn following, when they may be taken up and 
fown in drills, being careful to cover them fo as to pre¬ 
vent birds from deliroying them. In the fpring follow¬ 
ing the plants will come up, which fhould be moderately 
watered two or three times a-week, if the fpring fhould 
prove dry ; during the fiimmer, they muft be kept clean 
from weeds, whichJf buffered to grow, will foon over¬ 
bear the plants and deflroy them. The following fpring 
the plants fhould be planted out before they begin to 
fhoot, into a nurfery-bed, where they may grow two 
years to get ftrength, when they may be ,'tfanfplanted 
-where they are to remain. If thefe are planted in a 
moift light foil, their roots will extend to a confiderable 
Tdiflance, and put up many fhoots,jwhich may be taken 
off in the fpring, and thereby may be increafed ; thefe 
will alfo take if grafted on the pear; and, if the young 
branChes-are laid down, they will take root. The feveral 
forts of hawthorn are generally planted among flowering 
flirubsof the fame-growth, where they add to the variety. 
The varieties of the hawthorn are continued by budding 
n’poB ftoOks of A he common fort. The fame method 
alfo h commonly pra&ifed for feveral of the fpecies. 
See Inoculating. The largefl and moil beautiful 
plants however are raifed from feed. 
The moil ufual practice, in railing the whitethorn, is 
to fovv the berries, either in October or November, or 
elfe very early in the fpring, either broadcail or in drills, 
in beds about four feet wide, with alleys eighteen inches 
wide between each ; covering the berries an inch deep, 
with frefh light mould. Thus, though moil of them 
fhould not come up till the iecond fpring, yet they will 
have the continual benefit of the fun, air, and rain ; all 
which, it may be prefumed, will make them come up 
better and fhoot ilronger, than when they are buried in 
a heap during more than a year. The latter method 
how-ever is preferred by many : we have therefore lub- 
joined Mr. Boutcher’s practice, efpecially as it contains 
fome ufeful directions on this fubjedt. The haws ihouid 
remain on the bullies till the end of OClober, when they 
become blackiih. If you do not fow them immediately, 
as foon as they are gathered, fpread them on an airy floor 
for five or fix weeks, till the feeds are dry and firm ; 
then plunge them into water, and diveit them wholly of 
their pulp, by rubbing them between your hands with a 
little land : fpread them again on the loft three or four 
days, till quite dry, mix them with fine loofe fandy 
mould, in quantity not lei’s than the bulk of the feeds, 
and lay them in a heap againfl a fouth wall, covering 
them over three or four inches deep with foil of the fame 
quality as that with which they are mixed. If you do not 
fow them in the fpring, in this fituation let them remain 
till the fecond fpring, as the feeds, if fown, will not ap¬ 
pear the firft year. That the berries may be as equally 
mixed with the foil as poifible, turn over the heaps once 
in two months, blending the covering with the feeds; 
and at every turning, give them a frefh covering in the 
winter months. They muft be fowed the firft dry wea¬ 
ther in February or the beginning of March. Separate 
them from the loofe foil in which they were mixed, with 
a wire lieve. The ground fhould be good, dry, frefh, 
land, well prepared. Divide it into beds three feet and 
a half broad, with alleys of eighteen inches. Pulh over 
a little of the furface of the beds into the alleys ; fow 
them with great care, fo that they may not rife in cluf- 
ters, and that the plants may in general be at lead an 
inchafunder. Clap them into the earth, with the back of a 
fpade, draw the foil back from the alleys, and let not the 
feeds be covered more than half an inch deep. The 
fucceeding fpring, draw out all the largeft plants where 
too thick ; lhorten their roots; lay them in lines a foot 
afunder, and four inches diftant in the rows, having cut 
off fo much of their tops as to leave them about two 
inches above ground ; and let them remain two years. 
Thofe who are not ftraightened for ground, may drop 
the feeds in drills, eight inches afunder, and double that 
diftance between each pair of drills. The following 
fpring they may be drawn, where too thick, and the re¬ 
mainder cut with a fpade, five or fix inches below 
ground ; to remain another year. Thorns alfo may be 
propagated to much advantage, and two years time faved, 
by cuttings from their roots. For this purpofe, at re¬ 
moving a nurfery of thefe plants, cut off all unneceffary 
roots, that are ftraight and clean, of one or not more than 
two years growth; let them not exceed the length of 
four at five inches; and either early in October or Fe¬ 
bruary, lay them in drills, cut out with the fpade, with 
their tops a quarter of an inch below the furface: let 
thefe drills be a foot afunder, and lay the roots three or 
four inches feparate. The following fpring they fhould 
be cut within three or four inches of the furface. In 
general they will be eighteen inches high, and well 
rooted, at two years old. 
Which ever way the thorns are propagated, in Octo¬ 
ber they fhould be planted out in rows, at leaft eight 
inches afunder, and fix inches in the row, their roots hav¬ 
ing been fhortened, and their tops cut off, fo as to ftand 
four 
