C R A 
four or five inches above ground. In this nurfery they 
fhould remain no more than two years, the ground being 
dug fpring and autumn, and the plants cut thefirft feafon 
an inch or two above the former cutting. When re¬ 
moved again, they fhould be in rows, four feet afunder, 
and two feet diftant in the row : they fhould alfo be cut 
to the height of a foot or fourteen inches ; and about 
the end of June, clipped flraight in the fides and thin 
in the tops. Having flood a year longer, cut them again 
to the height of two feet or thirty inches, and clip them 
as before. The third feafon they may be cut at three 
feet and a ha'lf high about midfummer, and the follow¬ 
ing autumn they may be planted for harfdfome hedges 
four feet high. If plants of a larger fize are deiired, as 
fix feet high, they muft be removed once more, and re¬ 
main three years. Qiuck thus removed, and planted 
out large 1 , will make an almofl immediate fence, and fave 
much charge in countries where fencing is very expenfive. 
For the management of white-thorn, or quick hedges, 
fee the two articles Hedges and Quick. 
CRATHiOGO'NON, f. in botany. See Bartsia, 
Euphrasia, and Parietaria Indica. 
CRATCH, f. \_crcche, Fr. crates, Lat.J The palifaded 
frame in which hay is put for cattle.—When, being ex¬ 
pelled out of paradife by reafon of fin, thou wert held 
in the chains of death; I was inclofed in the virgin’s 
womb, I was laid in the cratch, I was wrapped in fwath- 
ling-clothes. Hake-will on Providence. 
CRATCH'ES, or Scratches,/; A fore in the heels 
of horfes. 
CRATER, f. Acup; abowl; agoblet. Themouth 
or opening of a volcano, or burning mountain. See Etna 
and Vesuvius. 
CRA'TER,/; the Cup, in aftronomy, a conftellation 
in the fouthern hemifphere ; whofe ftars, in Ptolemy’s 
Catalogue, are fevcm ; in Tycho’s, eight; in Hevelius, 
ten ; in the Britannic Catalogue, thirty-one. 
CR ATERAU'CHEN, f. [from y-galo;, firength, and 
uv^nv, the neck.] A perfon formed with a thick, ftrong, 
•robuft, neck. 
CR A'TERUS, one of Alexander’s generals. He ren¬ 
dered himfelf confpicuous by his literary fame, as well 
as by his valour in the field, and wrote the hiftory of 
Alexander’s life. He was greatly refpedled and loved 
by the Macedonian foldiers, and Alexander always 
trufted him with much confidence. After Alexander’s 
death, he fubdued Greece with Antipater, and parted 
with his colleague into Afia, where he was killed in a 
battle againft Eumenes, 321 years before Chrift. He re¬ 
ceived for his fhare of Alexander’s kingdoms, Greece 
and Epirus. JuJlin. 
CRA'TES, a cynic philofopher, and, next to its 
founder, the mod celebrated of that fe£t, fiourifhed 
about the 113th Olympiad, or nearly 300 years before 
Chrift. He was born at Thebes, in Boeotia, where he 
early applied himfelf to the ftudy of philofophy, under 
the inflruclions of Brylo, an Achaean philofopher, who 
h’as been reckoned among the cynics. So zealous was he 
in abftrafling himfelf from all concerns that might im¬ 
pede him in his favourite purfuit, that he is reported to 
have diftributed a large eftate of which he was the pof- 
fertor, among the poorer citizens, that his mind might 
not be affected by thofe partions which are foftered by 
•wealth. The relations which are given by different 
writers, vary with refpeft to the mode in which he dif- 
pofed of his property, but concur with refpeft to the 
faift of his reducing himfelf to a {late of voluntary po¬ 
verty. From his native city he went to Athens, w'here 
"he became a zealous difciple of Diogenes, whom he imi¬ 
tated in his moft flriking Angularities. By his virtues, 
•however, and by a temper lels gloomy and morofe than 
that of his mailer, he obtained considerable influence 
among the Athenian citizens ; which he employed in 
correcting the public luxuries and vice3, and as a friendly 
monitor and advifer in private circles, to which he was a 
2 
C K A 335 
welcome vifitant. The refpeCt in which-he was held, 
infpired Hipparchia, a young lady, of a good family, who 
was rich, and had many fuitors, wit*, an unconquerable 
paflion tor him. No remonllrances from her friends, 
noreventhe reprefentations which Crates himfelf frankly 
and difmtereftediy made to her, of the inconveniences 
and iiardfhips which attended his manner of life, could 
induce her to alter her mind. He accordingly married 
her ; and flic deferves to have her name mentioned among 
the cynic philofophers, for the ftri&nefs with which fhe 
conformed to the principles of the feCt. Of the many 
layings attribued to Crates by his different biographers, 
we fliall feTeft a few, which are characteriftic of his opi¬ 
nions and temper. Throwing money into the fea, he 
exclaimed, “Perilh, fatal riches! I thus make away 
with you, for fear that you fhould make away with me.” 
“ We ought not to accept of prefents from all perfons 
indiferiminately, for virtue ought not to be maintained 
by vice.”—When afked of what ufe philofophy was to 
him? “To teach me,” he replied, “to be contented 
with a vegetable diet, and to live exempt from care and 
trouble.” When afked by a rich mifer what lie fhould 
get by turning philofopher ? “ You will learn,” faid he, 
“ to open your purfe eafily,. and give readily, and not, 
as you do now, irrefoluteiy, hefitating, and trembling, 
as if you had the palfy.” When Alexander the Great, 
whofe curiofity led him to vifit this cynic, afked hirn 
whether he did not wifh that his country fhould be rc- 
ftored ? “To what purpofe fhould I indulge fuch a 
wifh ?” faid he ; “lince another Alexander might again 
deflroy it.” “Contempt of glory, and lioneft poverty, 
are to me my country ; and thofe enjoyments fet fortune 
at defiance.” Receiving a blow from Nicodromus, of 
which the marks were vifible on his forehead, the only 
revenge which he took was that of parting a piece of pa¬ 
per under them, on which was written, “ Nicodromus 
did this.” Some of his letters are to be found in the 
Epijlolcr Cyniar, printed at the Sorbonne, without a date, 
and a fcarce book. 
CRA'TES, an academic philofopher of Athens, and 
difciple of Polemo, whom he fucceeded in his fchool 
towards the year 272 before Chrift. Thefe two philofo¬ 
phers lived upon the ftrifleft terms of friendlhip. 
Crates had for difciples, Arcefilaus, Bion of Boriil- 
henes, and Theodorus, the chief of a left. He was em¬ 
ployed by his countrymen in feveral embaflies. 
CRATE'VA,/; [from Cratevas, a Greek, mentioned 
as a botanift by Hippocrates.] The Garlic Pear, 
In botany, a genus of the clafs dodecandria, order mono- 
gynia, natural order of putamineae. The generic cha- 
radlers are—Calyx : perianthium one-leafed, four-cleft, 
deciduous, flat at the bafc ; divifions fpreading, ovate, 
unequal. Corolla: petals four, oblong, bent down to 
the fame fide, claws (lender, length of the calyx, in- 
ferted into the divifions. Stamina : filaments rtxteen or 
more, briftle-form, declined to the fide oppofite the pe¬ 
tals, fhorter than the corolla; antherae ere6l, oblong, 
Piftillum : germ on a very long filiform pedicel, ovate ; 
ftyle none ; ftigma feflile, headed. Pericarpium : berry 
flefhy, globofe, very large, pedicelled, one-celled, two- 
valved. Seeds: many, roundifh, emarginate, neftling, 
—EJfential Character. Calyx, four-cleft; corolla, three- 
petalled; berry one-Telled, many-feeded. 
Species, j. Crateva gynandra, or thin-leaved crateva : 
unarmed; leaflets ovate, quite entire; flowers gynan- 
drous. Trunk twelve feet and more in height, and un¬ 
armed; branches fpreading, round, unequal, rugged, 
dotted; the younger ones herbaceous, green, very 
fmooth ; leaves alternate, efpecially towards the ends of 
the branchlets ; flowers rather large, purple, on round 
fmooth peduncles from one to two inches in length, and 
without braftes ; the pedicel of the germ is at firft very 
fliort, but finally becomes as long as the ftamens. In 
feme flowers the piftil is wholly wanting, the plant there¬ 
fore is polygamous, It has a burning and a nau. 
