C U M B E 
ef game. Though this county enjoys an extent of fixty- 
feven miles of fea-coaft, yet it cannot boaft of its naviga¬ 
ble rivers; the tide flows not more than two or three 
miles up the greateft part of them. Cumberland may be 
confidered as forming two different diftricts, tire moun¬ 
tainous, and that which is capable of culture. The moun¬ 
tainous diftrihts are feparated into two divifions, one of 
which bounds the ead fide of the county, and is the higheft 
part of that ridge of mountains that divides the eaftern 
and weftern coafts of the iiland, from Derby (hire in Eng¬ 
land to Linlithgow in Scotland. Crofs-fell, Hartfide-fell, 
Geltfdale-foreff, and Spadeadam-wafte, are the names 
of that portion of the ridge which palfes through this 
county. Thefe mountains are compofed of ftrata of dif¬ 
ferent kinds of (tone, and are rich in coal, lime, and lead- 
ore, but are no way remarkable for any ftriking irregu¬ 
larities of furface. The other divilion of mountainous 
diftricts occupies the fouth-weft part of the county, and 
they are known by the names of Skiddaw, Saddleback, 
Helvellin, Wrynofe, Hardknot, Sea-fell, &c. &c. which 
are remarkable for their fteep, broken, rocky, lides, and 
romantic fliapes; and are in general one mafs of that kind 
of (tone which produces the beautiful blue flate, fo 
much and fo defervedly efteemed, for covering the roofs 
of houfes. They are deftitute of coal, lime, or any me¬ 
tallic ores; but they in fome meafure repay this defect, 
by affording fuch valuable flates, and producing that An¬ 
gular mineral fubftance, black lead, which is found near 
Kefwick in this county, and, it is laid, no where elfe in 
the fouthern part of the kingdom. The mountainous 
diftriCts contain 342,000 acres ; improvable common, 
130,000; old inclolures, 470,000; lakes and waters, Sooo; 
total quantity of acres in the whole county, 970,000. In 
a county like Cumberland, enjoying fuch an extent of fea- 
coaft, and where fo large a portion is occupied by moun¬ 
tains, and thofe reckoned amongft the higheft in the king¬ 
dom, the climate muff; be various. Along the coaft, and 
f-or a conflderable way up the rivers, the fnow feldom 
continues above twenty-four hours; but upon the moun¬ 
tains, the fnow will lie unmelted for Ax or eight months : 
ef courfe, the lower parts of the county are mild and 
temperate, while on the higher grounds, and upon the 
mountains and their vicinity, the-air is cold and piercing. 
But the whole is healthy, though fubject to great and 
frequent falls of rain, particularly in the autumn, which 
makes their harveft very precarious and expenftve. The 
foil is various. Fertile, rich, ftrong loams, occupy but 
a fmall portion of this county. Dry loams, including 
the various degrees, from the rich brown loam to the 
light fandy foils, are found in a greater proportion than 
any other; and peat-earth is more prevalent on the moun¬ 
tainous diffriiSts, particularly thofe adjoining to Northum¬ 
berland and Durham : it is alio found on moors or com¬ 
mons in the lower parts of the county. Upon the whole, 
Cumberland affords a great variety of afpedt, and offers 
many opportunities for conflderable improvements, fome 
of which, in agriculture, have been recently embraced. 
Perhaps it would hardly be expedted, that any part of 
this northern diftridt of England, fliould remind the tra¬ 
veller of the waft.es and deferts in Africa : yet we read, 
in Hutchinfon’s Hiftory of Cumberland, publiffned in 
1796, concerning the pariffi of Milium, “ that great part 
of it lies on a flat, and is expofed to a torrent ot air 
which nifties up the gulpli from the Irilh channel, fo 
that the lands are diftreffed, in dry weather, with driving 
and overwhelming fands, carried by the winds to an 
amazing diftance.” A little below Carlifle, was the fa¬ 
mous Pidts’ wall, built in the year 121, by the emperor 
Adrian, acrofs the iff and, from the German ocean to the 
Irilh fea ; about one hundred miles in length, eight feet 
.wide, and twelve feet high, to prevent the incurlions of 
the Pidts and Scots. The principal produbtions of Cum¬ 
berland are black lead, coals, copper ore, lapis calami- 
naris, and falmon, Cumberland contains one city, and 
fifteen towns, viz, Carliile, the city; Aldfton, Brampton, 
HAND. 467 
Cockermouth, Egremont, Helket, Newmarket, Holm, 
Ireby, Kefwick, Kirkofwald, Longtown, Penrith, Ra- 
venglafs, Whitehaven, Wigton, and Workington. The 
principal river is the Eden. It fends Ax members to 
parliament, viz. two for the county ; two for Carlifle ; 
and two for Cockermouth. 
CUM'BERLAND, a harbour in the ifland of Juan 
Fernandes, in the South Sea. 
CUM'BERLAND, a harbour on the foutli-eaft part 
of the ifland of Cuba, and one of the fineft in the Weft 
Indies, capable of (heltering any number of iliips. It is 
twenty leagues eaft from St. Jago de Cuba. Lat. 20. 30. 
N. Ion. 76. 30.W. Greenwich. 
CUM'BERLAND, an ifland belonging to the Ameri¬ 
can States, on the coaft of Camden county, Georgia, be¬ 
tween Prince William’s Sound at the fouth end, and the 
mouth of Great Satilla River at its north end, and twenty 
miles fouth of the town of Frederica. Before the revo¬ 
lution there were two forts, called William and St. An¬ 
drew’s, on this ifland. 
CUM'BERLAND, a harbour on the eaft fide of Wafh- 
ington’s illes on the north-weft coaft of North America. 
It 1 ies fouth of Skitikife, and north of Cummafhawaa. 
CUM'BERLAND, a bay in the rnoft northern part of 
America; its mouth lies under the polar circle, and runs 
to the north-weft and weft, and is thought to communi¬ 
cate with Baffin’s bay on the north. 
CUM'BERLAND HOUSE, one of the Fludfon-bay 
company’s fabtories, is fituated in New South Wales in 
North America, 138 miles eaft-north-eaft of Fludfon’s- 
houfe, on the fouth fide of Pinc-iffand lake. Lat. 53. 5^, 
41. N. Ion. 102. 13. W. Greenwich. 
CUM'BERLAND, a county of the American States, 
in New Brunfwick, which comprehends the lands at the 
head of the bay of Fandy, on the bafon called Chebebton, 
and the rivers which empty into it. It has feveral town¬ 
fhips; thofe which are fettled are Cumberland, Sack- 
ville, Amherft, Hillfborough, and Hopewell. It is wa¬ 
tered by the rivers Au Lac, Miffiquafh, Napan, Macon, 
Memramcook, Petcoudia, Chepodie, and Herbert. The 
three firft rivers-are navigable for veffels of five tons. 
The Napan and Macon are flioal rivers ; the Herbert is 
navigable to its head, twelve miles, in boats ; the others 
are navigable four or five miles. 
CUM'BERLAND, a town of the American States, in 
New Brunfwick, in tire county of its own name. Here 
are coal mines. 
CUM'BERLAND, a county of the American States, 
in the diftribt of Maine, between York and Lincoln coun¬ 
ties, with the Atlantic ocean on the fouth, and Canada 
on the north. Its fea coaft, formed into numerous bays, 
and lined with a multitude of fruitful iflands, is nearly 
forty miles in extent. Saco river, which runs fouth- 
eafterly into the ocean, is the dividing line between this 
county and York on the fouth-weft. Cape Elizabeth and 
Cafco-bay, are in this county. Cumberland is divided 
into twenty-four townfhips, of which Portland is the 
chief. It contains 23,450 inhabitants, by the ftate cenfus 
of 1796. 
CUM'BERLAND, a county of the American States, 
in New Jerfey, bounded fouth by Delaware bay, north 
by Gloucefter county, foutli-eaft by Cape May, and weft 
by Salem county. It is divided into feven townfhips, of 
which Fairfield and Greenwich are the chief; and.con¬ 
tains 8248 inhabitants. 
CUM'BERLAND, the north-eafternmoft townfhip of 
the ftate of Rhode-Illand, in Providence county. Paw¬ 
tucket bridge and falls, in this town, are four miles north- 
eaft of Providence. It contains 1964 inhabitants. 
CUM'BERLAND, a county of the American States, 
in Pennfylvania, bounded north and north-weft by Mifflin; 
eaft and north-eaftby Sufquehannah river, which divides 
it from Dauphin; fouth by York; and fouth-weft by 
Franklin county. It is forty-feven miles in length, and 
forty-two in breadth, and has ten townfhips, of which 
Carlifle- 
