C Y N 
"branched, knotted, tomentofe, fubherbaceous. Leaves 
in pairs at each knot, nearly equal to the petioles, quite 
entire, loft, glaucous underneath, having an unplealant 
frnell, Native of Mexico. It flowered in the Paris gar¬ 
den in 1789 ; and the year following in the royal garden 
at Madrid, in the month of Auguft. 
22. Cynanchum grandiflorum, or great-flowered cy- 
nanchum : ftem twining; leaves heart-lhaped, ovate-cuf- 
pidate, glaucous underneath; corollas coriaceous. Stem 
very long, round, branched, thickened, and having a 
rufous knap at the joints. Native of South America. It 
flowered at Madrid from September to the end of the 
year, about 1788 01-1789. 
23. Cynanchum odoratiflimum, or fweet cynanchum : 
Item twining, corky, and cloven at bottom; leaves heart- 
fliaped, acuminate, wrinkled; cymes reflex. Stem very 
long, round, fliining, and very fmooth, except at bottom, 
where it has a bark like cork. Native of Siam and Co¬ 
chin-china; cultivated there and in China. In fragrance 
it does not yield to the Arabian jafniin, (nydtanthes or 
jafmrnuni fambac ;) and, though very common, it is no 
lefs ufed than that by women of falliion in tliofe coun¬ 
tries to adorn their hair. 
24. Cynanchum altilltmum, or lofty cynanchum : Hem 
twining; leaves heart-fhaped, tomentofe on both (ides; 
flowers umbelled. This is a milky fhrubby plant, climb- 
trees to the height of fifty feet. Stems round ; w hen 
old, woody, fmooth, afli-coloured, leaflefs; when young, 
green, tomentofe, leafy. Leaves acuminate, quite entire, 
thickifli, with a very foft but fcarcely vilible knap on 
both fides, petioled, at firft two inches, but afterwards 
half a foot in length. Flowers thick, firm, without 
feent; calyxes greenifli a(h-colour ; corollas dirty purple. 
25. Cynanchum longiflorum, or long-flowered cynan- 
chnm : Item twining; leaves oblong, acute, villofe; flow¬ 
ers umbelled. Stems round, hairy, climbing to the height 
of fifteen feet. Leaves obverfely fubovate, cordate at 
the bafe, quite entire, thickifli, with hairy veins and 
nerves, half a foot long, on fhort and hairy petioles. 
Flowers without frnell or beauty ; calyxes pale greenifli; 
petals pale without, within fuliginous, with numerous 
filvery hairs; one or two of the flowers are abortive be¬ 
fore they open, leaving a fear; the unufual elongation 
-of the tube gives the flower a very different appearance 
from the others. 
2-5. Cynanchum filifonne Americanum, or American 
thread-like cynanchum: Item twining; leaves ovate, acu¬ 
minate, flat, fhining; umbels globular. 27. Cynanchum 
claufum, or clofe-flowered cynanchum: Item twining; 
leaves acuminate-oblong, rolled back at the edge ; flowers 
Umbelled. The four laft are climbing milky plants, and 
natives of Carthagena in New Spain. 
Propagation and Culture. Tliefe plants.are chiefly inha¬ 
bitants of hot climates ; the greater part (3105, 7, 10, 
13, 16, 18 fo 22, and 24 to 27,) of South America and 
the Weft Indies. Two are from the Eaft Indies, (9 and 
17;) and one (23) from Siam and Cochin-china. They 
are all tender, and will not thrive in this country unlefs 
placed in a bark (love. As they abound with a milky 
juict, they muft have little water in winter. They may 
he propagated by laying down the young fhoots, which 
in three or four months will put out roots, and may then 
be tranfplanted into pots filled with light fandy earth, 
and plunged into the tan-bed, where the plants fhould 
continue all the year. They may alfo be increafed by 
parting the roots, or by cuttings. Such as produce good 
feeds in Europe, which many of them do not, may be 
propagated that way. Four fpecies (1, 11, 12, 15,) come 
froni the Cape, and muft be preferved in the dry ftove. 
They may be increafed by layers, cuttings, &c. Two, 
(2, 8,) being natives of the fouth of Europe, are hardy, 
and propagate too faff by their creeping roots, which are 
not eafily extirpated, when they have got pofleflion of 
the ground. The roots may be tranfplanted any time 
after the Items decay, till they begin t« lhoot in the 
C Y N 515 
fpring. The fixth fort, from Carolina, will live in the 
open air in England, if it be planted in a dry foil and 
warm fituation. It may be increafed by laying down the 
young (hoots about Midfummer, which, if they are now 
and then refreftied with water, will put out roots, and 
may be tranfplanted in the autumn, where they are de- 
figned to remain. The roots fhould be covered in win¬ 
ter with Come rotten tan to keep out the froft. 'i he 
fourteenth fort, from Syria, requires a warm fituation, 
to live abroad in England. It is propagated by parting 
the roots in the fpring, before they (hoot. See Cf.ro- 
pegia, and Peripi.oca. 
C YNAN'THROPY,y. [from v.vuv, adog, and ctvQ ; wir ck, 
a man.] The hydrophobia, or canine madnefs., caufed 
by the bite of a mad dog. 
CYNA'PIUM, J'. in botany. See /Ethatsa. 
CYN'ARA, J. [d cincre, becaufe, according to Colu¬ 
mella, land for artichokes fhould be manured with allies. 
Parkinfon fays, it is fo called from the afn-coloured hue 
of the leaves.] The Artichoke ; in botany, a genus of 
the clafs fyngenefia, order polygamia aequalis, natural 
order of compofitx capitatas. The generic characters 
are—Calyx : common ventricofe, imbricate ; fcalcs nu¬ 
merous, roundifh, flefliy, increafed by a membranaceous 
feale-formed appendicle, which is larger, roundifh, chan¬ 
nelled, and emarginated with a fpinfc. Corolla: com¬ 
pound tubulous, uniform ; conflicts hermaphrodite, near¬ 
ly equal; proper one-petalled, funnel-form ; tube very 
flender ; border ereff ovate, five-cleft; diviftons linear., 
one more deeply feparated. Stamina: filaments five, 
capillary, very fhort; antherne cylindric, tubulofe, length 
of the corollule, five-toothed. Piftillum-. germ fome- 
wliat ovate; ftyle filiform, longer than the ftamens; (tig- 
ma fimple, oblong, emarginate. Pericarpium: none; 
calyx converging but a little. Seeds: folitary, oblong-, 
ovate, four-cornered, comprefled ; down fefiile, long. 
Receptaculum: briftly.— EJfential Charafter. Calyx dila¬ 
ted, imbricate, with flefliy feales, emarginate, with an 
acumen. 
Species. 1. Cynara fcolymus, or common artichoke' 
leaves lomewhat fpiny, pinnate, and undivided; calycine 
feales ovate. The artichoke in its wild ftate is faid to> 
attain the height of a man. The leaves are much m®re 
tomentofe than in the garden plant, and every final 1 di- 
vifion of them is armed with a ftrong ycllowilh fpine. 
The heads are much fmaller, and have much larger 
ftronger fpines at the ends of the feales. The cultivated 
artichoke feldom rifes above four feet in height, with a 
flout, furrowed, leafy, Item, llightly tomentofe, fome- 
times a little branched at top. The root is large, thick, 
and perennial, crowned by a confiderable clufter of pin- 
natifid leaves, from two to four feet in length, pointing 
upright, the whole covered with an afli-coloured down, 
efpecially underneath ; the midrib has a deep (ingle 
channel above, and feveral deep furrows underneath, 
with ftrong ridges between them : at bottom there are 
ufually feveral leparate leaflets or rudiments of leaves, 
which increafe in (ize till the main leaf begins, and are 
connected by a wing running down each fide of the mid¬ 
rib ; this wing increafing, then unites the remainder int® 
one pinnatifid leaf, yery deeply cut, and each cleft has 
a few large ferratures or jags, ending in a fhort prickle, 
which is lometimes fcarcely perceptible. The leaves on 
the Item are Ample, only ferrate or jagged, like a (ingle 
cleft of the other ; they end obtufely, and are frequently 
retufe; lometimes they have fcarcely any ferratures; 
immediately below the heads are fome loofe feales, par¬ 
taking of the nature of the upper leaves and calycine 
feales. The heads are lubglobular, either green or dark 
purple, the former commonly tinged at the bottom with 
purple; bompofed of numerous, large, ovate, feales, 
which at the bottom are very flelhy, and at the top aie- 
obtufe and emarginate, or cloven. If thefe heads be 
fullered to ftund, the calyx will open, and a great num¬ 
ber «f jagged purple fleets ytill appear. Thefe are 
placed 
