9 
515 . C Y N 
Though the artichoke is perennial, yet after the third 
or fourth year the heads will become fmaller, and lefs 
fielhy : it is a good method, therefore, to make a frelh 
plantation every year, to fucceed the old ones when 
worn out, and at the fame time to infure a fucceflion of 
heads from June to November; for the old plants are 
over by Auguff, and then the young ones come in. If, 
however, the artichokes are differed to remain more 
than three or four years in the fame fpot of ground, 
it lhould be well manured in November with rotten 
dung, and dug a full fpade deep. If you are defirous 
of having large heads, the fmall lateral heads lhould 
be cut off before they are the fize of a hen’s egg. The 
latter are by many much efteemed for the table. When 
the heads are gathered, the whole ftalk ihould be broken 
down clofe to the ground, to encourage the ftools to 
produce new (hoots before winter. The method of 
eartiling or landing the artichokes before winter is, 
having firft cut down all the large leaves to the ground, 
preferving only tliofe of the fmall young (hoots, to mark 
out with a line the middle fpace between the rows, and 
then to dig the ground a fpade deep, gradually working 
t.he earth towards the row of plants, fo as to make a 
ridge, railing the earth dole about the plants, but not 
entirely covering their tops. Some, however, only draw 
a little earth with a hoe about the plants, and when 
there is froft, throw a little long dung or litter over 
them; vvhilft others do nothing more than lay fome 
(hort dry muck about each plant when hard frofts let 
in. Either of thefe'methods is fufficient in common 
winters ; but in fevere ones nothing can infure them but 
effectually ridging up the earth about them as fil'd: di¬ 
rected, and covering the ridge with long dry litter. 
The chardon, or cardoon, is propagated in the kitchen 
gardens to fupply the markets; this is annually railed 
from feeds, which (liould be fown upon a bed of light 
earth in March ; and when the plants come up, they 
Ihould be thinned where they are too clofe ; and if the 
plants are wanted, thofe which are drawn out may be 
tranlplanted into a bed at about three or four inches dif- 
tance, where they Ihould remain till they are tranlplanted 
out for good. Thefe young plants mud be kept clean 
from weeds, and in the beginning of June they mud be 
tranfplanted out, on a moid rich fpot of ground at about 
four feet afunder every way ; the ground Ihould be well 
dug before they are planted, and the plants Ihould be well 
watered until they have taken new root, after which the 
ground mud be kept very clean from weeds, to encou¬ 
rage the growth of the plants; and as they advance in 
height, there Ihould be fome earth drawn up about each 
plant; and when they are fully grown, their leaves 
fnould be clolely tied up with a hay-band, and the earth 
drawn up in hills about each plant, almolt to their tops, 
being careful to keep the earth from falling between the 
leaves, which may occafion the rotting of the plants. 
The earth Ihould be fmoothed over the furface that the 
wet may run off, and not fall into the center of the 
plants, which will alfo caufe them to rot ; in about 
eight or ten weeks after the plants have been thus 
earthed, they will be blanched enough for ufe ; fo that, 
if a fucceffion of them are wanted for the table, there 
fnould be but few plants earthed up at the fame time ; 
but once in a fortnight there may be a part of them 
earthed, in proportion to the quantity defired. Toward 
the middle or latter end of November, if the frod Ihould 
be fevere, it will be proper to cover the tops of thofe 
plants which remain with peafehaulm or draw, to pre¬ 
vent the frod from penetrating to the tender leaves, 
which frequently pinches them where there is not this 
covering, but this ffiould be taken off again in mild 
weather; if this care is taken, the plants may be pre- 
ferved for ufe mod part of the winter. If a few of the 
plants are planted put in a warm fituation to dand for 
feed, they Ihould not be blanched, but only in very hard 
frod fome light litter or peafe-haulm may be laid round 
c Y N 
them to keep out frod, and be removed in the fpring* 
and the ground gently dug between the plants, which 
will not only deftroy the weeds, but alfo encourage the 
roots of the plants to (hoot out on every fide, whereby 
their dems will be dronger; thefe will flower about the 
beginning of July, and, if the feafon proves dry, their 
feeds will ripen in September; but in cold wet feafons, 
thefe feeds will not come to maturity in England. The 
dalk of the leaf, which is thick and crrfp, and by many 
perfons thought palatable, is the part which is eaten; 
this is rendered white and tender, by blanching like 
celeri, about a yard or more in length ; the feafon for it 
is autumn and winter, and it is ufed in falads, foups, 
dews, &c. It is, however, now in no great edimation 
here, and therefore not much cultivated. Obferve not 
to tie up the leaves for blanching before they are full 
grown, unlefs they are wanted in September or Oftober, 
in which cafe they mud be tied up, and the earthing 
mud be begun in Auguff, but then the dalk of the leaf 
will never be broad and thick, and in that confids its 
chief excellence. The proper time to begin blanching 
is at the end of September or in October, when the 
plants will come into ufe in December, and continue all 
the winter. Alfo, tie up the leaves in a dry day, add 
frefh hay-bands as the plants advance in height, and co¬ 
ver their tops with long litter if the frod Ihould he fevere. 
CYNARCTO'MACHY,y; [ y.vcjy, aptcTos, ^ r -] 
A word coined by Butler, to denote bear-baiting with 
a dog : 
That fome occult defign doth lie 
In bloody cynarclomachy. 
Is plain enough to him that knows 
How faints lead brothers by the nofe. Hudibras. 
CYNE'AS, or Cineas, a celebrated minider of Pyr¬ 
rhus king of Epirus, by birth a Theffalian. He was a 
man of great ability, and had learned the art of oratory 
under Demodhenes, and that of war under Alexander’s 
captains. Pyrrhus employed him in various important 
negociations, in which he was generally fuccefsful, 
through his eloquence and his insinuating talents ; fo 
that his mader uled to fay, that Cyneas had gained him 
more towns by perfuafion, than he could ever have con¬ 
quered by his arms. He was of the Epicurean feCt in 
philofophy ; and, upon its principles, endeavoured to 
difluade Pyrrhus from entering into a war with the Ro¬ 
mans, ufing for his argument, that how great foever 
might be the fuccefs of his projects for aggrandizement, 
he could not add to the enjoyments which were already 
in his power. Pyrrhus, however, perfided in his deter¬ 
mination for war, and difpatched Cyneas with part of 
his fleet, and a body of troops, to Tarentum, where, by 
his prudent conduCt, he rendered the intered of his king 
triumphant, and gained the Tarentines for allies. After 
the fird victory of Pyrrhus over the Romans, before 
Chrift 280, Cyneas wifely propofed entering into a nego- 
ciation for peace with them, and he was himfelf fent to 
Rome for the purpofe. There, by means of his elo¬ 
quence, and the didribution of prefents among the fena- 
tors and their wives, he gained a majority to agree to 
the terms offered by his mader; but the authority of 
old Appius Claudius the Blind, overthrew all his en¬ 
deavours, and a decree paffed for fending him immedi¬ 
ately back, and continuing the war. Cyneas, on his re¬ 
turn, is laid to have told Pyrrhus, that the Roman fenate 
feemed to him an aflembly of kings. After a fecond 
battle, Cyneas was fent again to Rome, but met with no 
better fuccefs than before, the fenate refufing to liden 
to any conditions till Pyrrhus Ihould have withdrawn all 
his forces from Italy. Cyneas was afterwards difpatched 
to Sicily, whence overtures had arrived to Pyrrhus; and 
he fuccefsfuliy prepared the way for his mader’s recep¬ 
tion in that idand. After this period we hear no more 
of him. Pliny, among the examples of extraordinary 
memory, has mentioned that Cyneas, the day after his 
arjival 
