C Y N 
arrival *t Rome, was able to falute all the fenaters ami 
knights by their names. Cicero, in one of his epiftles, 
cites a work on the art military, compofed by him and 
Pyrrhus in conjunction. Cyneas alio abridged the Tac¬ 
tics of j^Eneas. 
CYNEGE'TICS, f [y-vpeyyriKx, Gr. 3 The, art of 
hunting; the art of training and hunting with dogs.—• 
There are extant, in Greek, four books of cynegetics, or 
venation. Brown. 
CY'NIC, f. A term given to a fedt of philofophers 
founded by Antifthenes the Athenian. They received 
this name a canina mordacitatc, from their canine propensity 
to cr.iticife the lives and actions of men; or becaufe, 
like dogs, they were not afhamed to gratify their crimi¬ 
nal defires publicly. They were famous for their con¬ 
tempt of riches, tor the negligence of their drefs, and the 
length of their beards. Diogenes was one of their fedt. 
They generally llept on the ground. 
CY'NICAL, ad;. [ztmxo;, Gr. ] Having the qualities 
ofadog; currifh; brutal; fnarling; fatirical.-—He doth 
believe that lome new-fangled wit (it is his cynical phrafe) 
will fonie time or other find out his art. Wilkins. 
CY'NIC US, adj. [from X.VCJV, a dog. 3 Canine; partaking 
of the nature of a dog ; produced by a dog. 
cy'nips,/ [xnuTfic, Gr. from dud, cnis, Heb. ] In en¬ 
tomology, the Ga li-Fly; a genus of infedts belonging 
to the order of hymenoptera. The mouth is armed with 
jaws, and has four feelers, but no probofcis : the fifing 
is fpiral, and moftly concealed within the body. The 
quercus folii, or oak-leaf cynips, is of a burnilhed finning 
brown colour. The antennae are black ; the legs and 
feet of a chefnut-brown ; and the wings white, but void 
of marginal fpots. It is in the little fmooth, round, 
hard, galls, found under the oak-leaves, generally fal- 
tened to the fibres, that this infedt is produced, a iingle 
one in each gall. Thefe latter are ligneous, of a hard 
compact fubftance, formed like the reft, by the extrava¬ 
sation of the fap of the leaf, occafioned by the pundture 
of the gall-fly when it depofits its eggs. Sometimes, in- 
ftead ot the cynips, there is feen to proceed from the gall 
a larger infect ot a brown colour, which is an ichneumon. 
This ichneumon is not the real inmate of the gall, or he 
that formed it. He is a parafite, whofe mother depofited 
her egg in the yet tender gall; which, when hatched, 
brings torth a larva that deftroys the larva of the cynips, 
and then comes out when it has undergone its metamor- 
phofis and acquired its wings. 
The quercus gemmae, or oak-bud cynips, is of a very 
dark green, fiightly gilded : its antennae and feet are of 
a dun colour, rather deep. It depofits its egg in the 
oak-bud, which produces one of the fineft gall’s, leafed 
like a rofe-bud beginning to blow. When the gall is 
fmall, that great quantity of leaves is comprefled, and 
they are fet one upon another like the tiles of a roof. 
In the center of the gall there is a kind of ligneous ker¬ 
nel, in the middle of which is a cavity ; and in that is 
found the little larva, who feeds there, takes its growth, 
undergoes its metamorphofis, and at length breaks through 
the inclofure to get out. The whole gall is often near 
an inch in diameter, fometimes more when dried and 
difplayed ; and it holds to a branch by a pedicle. Thefe 
two gall-flies are reprefented in the preceding engraving. 
There are thirty-five ipecies now known, which produce 
galls and excrefcences on various trees; eleven of which 
are natives of England. 
CYNIS'CA, a daughter of Archidamus king of Spar¬ 
ta, who obtained the firft prize in the chariot races at the 
Olympic games. Paufimias. 
GYNOCE'PHALE, a town of ThelTaly, where the 
proconiul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and 
put an end to the firft Macedonian war, before Chrilt 
J97. Livy. 
CYNOCE'PHALI, a nation in India, who were fabled 
to have had the head of a dog. Pliny. 
CYNOCO'PRUS, J. [from y.vuv, a dog, and xewgor, 
C Y N 539 
dung.] The white dung of a dog; which tilt of late was 
ufed in medicine. 
CYNQCRAM'BE, f. in botany. See Mercurialis 
and Thei.ygonum. 
CYNODES'MION, f. [from *a dog, and Sect/ao;, 
a band.] The ligature by which the prepuce is fattened 
to the glans penis. It is fo named, becaufe in dogs it is 
eminently diicernible and ftrong. 
CYNOGLOS'SA, f. in botany. See Cynoglossum 
and Myosotis. 
CYNOGLOSSOI'DES, f. in botany. See Boraco. 
CYNOGLOS'SUM,/'. [xvi'o; yXoacra, Gr. dog^s-tongue; 
from the form of the leaves.] HouNtt’s-roNCUt; in 
botany, a genus of the clafs pentandria, order monogy- 
nia, natural order afperifoliae. The generic characters 
are—Calyx: perianthium five-parted, oblong, acute, 
permanent. Corolla : one-petalled, funnel-form, length 
of the calyx; tube cylindric, ftiorter than the border; 
border half five-cleft, obtufe ; mouth clofed with five 
{quantities, which are convex, prominent, converging. 
Stamina: filaments five, very fhort, in the mouth oi the 
corolla ; antherae roundiflt, naked. Piftillum: germs 
four ; ftyle Tubulate, length of the ftamens, permanent; 
ftignta emarginate. Pericarpium : none, but four arils 
of the feeds, deprefled, roundiflt, outwardly more ob¬ 
tufe, fcabrous, not gaping, on the exterior fide fome- 
wliat flattifti, affixed by their tip. Seeds : as many, 
fomevvhat ovate, gibbous, acuminate, fmooth. —FJfcntiaL 
Character. Corolla, funnel-form, the throat clofed with 
arches ; feeds, flat, affixed to the ftyle by the infrde only v 
Species. 1. CynoglofTum officinale, common or great 
hound’s-toitgue : ftamens fhorter than the corolla; leaves 
broad-lanceolate, attenuated to the bafe, tomentofe, fef- 
file ; calycine fegments oblong. The whole of the plant 
is downy, and loft to the touch ; root biennial ; ftem 
two or three feet in height, upright, grooved-angular, 
villofe, very leafy, branched at the top ; branches nu¬ 
merous, nearly upright, and villofe ; root-leaves large, 
a foot or more in length, on petioles, ovate or lanceo¬ 
late, pointed, covered with a filky down, which gives 
them a greyifti colour, veiny; ftem-leaves, at leaft the 
uppernloft, feffile, half llem-clafping, quite entire, with 
a waving edge, (even or eight inches long, crowded, 
placed irregularly on the ftem, upright, lanceolate, and 
broadeft at the bafe ; flowers at firft of a dull red, ma. 
rone or mulberry colour; afterwards becoming bluifii; 
growing in racemes, which are nearly upright, and gene¬ 
rally naked, or without bradtes; and all hanging one 
way. It grows wild by road Tides, and in uncultivated 
places in mod parts of Europe. With us it flowers in 
June and July, and ripens its feeds in autumn. The 
whole plant has a difagreeable fmell, much refembling 
that of mice. It is fufpedted to poffiefs narcotic quali¬ 
ties; and an inftance is related in the Hiftoria Oxonien- 
fis, in which the leaves, boiled by miftake for thole of 
comfrey, difordered a whole family, and proved fatal to 
one perfon ; others, however, will not admit the fait. 
It has formerly been ufed in medicine; and Mr. Ray 
informs us, from Dr. Hulfe, that a decodtion of the roots 
inwardly, and cataplafms of them outwardly, were ufed 
in ftrumous and fcrophulous cafes. It is, however, dif 
carded from the prefent practice. Cattle in general dil 
like it; the goat only is laid fometimes to crop this nau- 
feous plant. Kroker affirms that all animals leave it 
untouched, except Iheep, which exception mult finely 
be a miftake. It is frequently found with a white flower. 
( 3 . C. max. Belgium, the large Dutch hound’s-tongue, 
which is double the fize of the common fort, is pro¬ 
bably nothing more than a variety ariling from luxuri- 
ancy of foil. 
y. C. lempervirens, or evergreen hound’s-tongue, is a 
remarkable variety. The leaves are without nerves, are 
rougher and much narrower than the common fort; but 
it has none of the hoarinefs of that, the leaves therefore 
are of a full green colour. It has none of that ftrong 
fcent 
