538 
C Y P R 
about three quarters of an ounce, and will contain fome- 
times 26, 1 ;6 o eggs, about tlie fize of poppy-feed, and of 
a greenifh colour. Each jav/ has two rows of jagged 
teeth, live in the front row and two in the hinder. 
34. Cyprinus griflagine, the light-finned carp: anal fin 
eleven-rayed, fins wlmifii. There are ten rays in thedor- 
i’ai fin, fix teen in the pectorals, nine-in the ver.trals, and 
nineteen in the tail. This is found alfo in the European 
lakes; body oblong, iris iilvery. It is probably a variety 
of the preceding. 
35. Cyprinus idbarus, the Swedifh carp: twelve rays 
in tile anal fin, ventrals deep red. The dorfal fin has ten 
rays, the tail nineteen. Inhabits the lakes of Sweden; 
it is probably a variety of the cyprinus idus. 
36. Cyprinus rutilus, the roach. The roach is diftin- 
guiflied by its red fins, the iris of the eye red, and twelve 
rays in the anal fin. This filli has fifteen rays in the pec¬ 
toral fins, nine in the ventral, twelve in the anal, twenty 
in the tail, and twelve in the dorfal. The jaws are of 
equal lengths; lips red ; noftrils near the eyes. In the 
young' fifii the iris is red, though only towards the upper 
part, and the fins are of tlie fame colour. The body is 
covered with large fcales; the back is round, and of a 
greenifh black; the fides and belly filver-coloured. The 
lateral line makes a bend towards the belly, and has 
thirty-fix prickles. The pedtoral and tail fins are of a 
red brown; thofe of the belly and anus are blood-red ; 
the dorfal fin is oppofite the ventral, and the tall is bi¬ 
furcated. This fpecies forms a medium between the wide 
and the narrow carps; for its head is lei's than the nar r 
row carps, and larger than the wide ones, and the body 
is neither fo wide as the latter, nor fo narrow as the for¬ 
mer. It weighs a pound, or at mod a pound and a half; 
it delights in clear waters, with a fandy or marly bottom ; 
hence they are found in the great lakes and rivers of 
Pruflia and Germany. Before the marfhes of the Oder had 
been cleared, they were taken there in fuch quantities, 
that in the adjacent villages they fattened their hogs with 
-them. They fpawn commonly in the beginning of May. 
In our country,” fays Bloch, whofe Ichthyology is 
printed at Berlin, “ where the fi(Tiermen purfue this filh 
continually, they commonly cart their fpawn about noon, 
•while the men are gone to dinner. It is the mod: fiiy of 
all the fifii of our parts, and generally remains hid at the 
bottom of the water when it hears any one above.” Ac¬ 
cording to the obfervations of Mr. Lund, thefe filh pals in 
the following order from the feas, where they are feldom 
disturbed by fifhermen, to call their fpawn in the rivers. 
A party fets out fome days before, forming a van-guard; 
but it is lingular that this find troop confifts of males’ 
only. Then go the females; then more males. “ It is 
a diverting fpedtacle,” continues the fame author, “ to 
fee the batallions of this little army advancing in exa£t 
order; each divifion is compofed of fiih of the lame lize, 
who fwim clofe to each other, ten, twenty, fifty, or one 
hundred, in file. Sometimes, though but feldom, the or¬ 
der is didurbed by fright or fome accident: but they focn 
recover themfelves; and then they feek out places (haded 
by herbage or branches in order to depofit their eggs.” 
They multiply very conliderably ; in the double ovary, 
, weighing about two-thirds of an ounce, 84,570 have 
been counted. Cooking gives them a red colour. This 
fifh is very tenacious of life, and may ferve to feed the 
voracious kinds. Its bright colour makes it agreeable 
to the fight in the water. Its fielh is white and well- 
taded, and eafy of digedion ; but it has numbers of 
crooked bones, which are troublefome in eating. It feeds 
on herbs and aquatic worms; its enemies are the vora¬ 
cious fifh and the water-fowl. The roach has but one 
row of teeth, five in each jaw ; thefe teeth are flattened 
at the fide, and crooked at the points. 
37. Cyprinus idus, the ide. This carp is didinguiflied 
from the others by the thicknefs of the body, and by the 
thirteen rays in the anal fin. There are three rays in the 
membrane of the gills, l’evqnteen in the pedloral fin, 
I N U S. 
eleven in the ventral, nineteen in the tail, and ten in the 
dorfal. The head is large and truncated ; the mouth has 
but a final 1 opening, and is without teeth. The front, 
nape of the neck, and the back, are black ; the back is 
round, the front and nape broad. The eye is middle- 
fized, pupil black, encircled by a yellowilh-wdnte iris. 
The belly is broad, and all white ; the lateral line bends 
backwards near the head. The back is round, in form 
of a flackened bow ; fcales large. The pe&oral fin is yel- 
lowifh ; the ventral, red in the middle, white on the fides 
and bottom, and has an appendage ; the anal fin is white 
where it joins to the body, the reft a beautiful red ; the 
tail and back'fins are grey ; the tail is broad, and crefcent- 
fhaped ; the dorfal fin is oppofite the ventral. All the 
rays, except the fil'd, are broad, and branched. 
Gefner was the firft that deferibed this fpecies, fince 
which it has been mentioned by very few. It is found iu 
the river Ide in Pomerania, (whence its name;) alio in 
Weftphalia, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark; likewife 
in Rufiia, in the Volga ; great numbers are taken in Sin- 
berlk, in the following manner. They make a ball of 
parched oats, malt, and hemp-feed, and put it into a bag 
of coarfe cloth; this bag they place in a rapid dream, 
and at a certain diftance, following always the courfe of 
the ftream, they hang a number of hooks, baited with 
parched peafe. The fubftance which oozes out of the 
bag attradls the fifii fo ftrongly, that they come in Ihoais, 
and throw themfelves with avidity on the hooks. Ano¬ 
ther bait they are very fond of is the tail of lobliers. It 
lives generally in great lakes, where there is clear water 
and large {tones : thefe lakes it leaves in April or May 
for the rapid rivers, where it depofits its fpawn on the 
naked rocks. It lives on herbage and worms like the 
reft of the genus ; has the fame enemies ; grows (lowly ; 
begins to fpawn at three years of age; grows to the length 
of one or two feet, weighing at that time lix or eight 
pounds. It is hardy, and multiplies much. The flefii 
is white, tender, and well-tafted. At the entrance of the 
ltomach there appear two bones, each containing two 
rows of teeth a little bent at the top ; the five in front 
are ftrong and large, the two behind are fmall. The fto- 
mach continues with the canal, and has but two finuofi- 
ties. The ovary is double, and contained in a fifii of 
three pounds weight, in the month of April, 67,600 fpawn 
or eggs, of the fize of poppy-feed. There are fifteen ribs 
on each fide; and forty-one vertebrae in the back bone. 
38. Cyprinus orfus, the orf. The bright yellow colour 
of this fifii, and thirteen rays in the anal fin, diltinguifh 
it from the other fpecies of carps. The pedtoral fin 
has eleven rays, the ventral ten, the tail twenty-two, the 
dorfal ten. The head is fmall, of a reddilh yellow, as 
well as the back and lides. The eyes have a black pupil 
in a yellow iris: the upper jaw protrudes beyond the 
under one : the fcales are large. All the fins are red, 
and the tail is cut away into the form of a crefcent. This 
beautiful carp, which in fome refpefts may be placed 
next to the Chinefe gold-filh, alfo preferves its colour in 
fpirits, which is occaiioned probably by a vifeous matter 
under the fcales. It is a native of the fouth of Germany, 
particularly about Nuremberg and Augfburg, in rivers, 
lakes, and ponds; and is found alfo in Rufiia, in the Volga, 
the Don, See. It is a tender fpecies, and dies foon after 
it is taken out of the water. If this fifh were known in 
the northern parts of Germany, it might be bred in ponds 
at a much cheaper rate than the dorado ; for in the fouth 
of Germany they are bred in the fame manner for orna¬ 
ment and curiofity. The flefti is white, fometimes red- 
difh, well-tafted, efpecially in April and May, and it is 
then eafy of digeftion. They live on worms, infefts, 
(lime, and the (pawn of other fifties ; they are very fond 
of bread, as they will come to the furface of the water 
to take it if thrown into them. Its enemies and deftroy- 
ers are the pike, perch, See. yet it increales faff. The 
orf lpawns in April and May, depofiting its eggs on the 
weeds or other herbage it meets with. The vertebra; 
are 
