C Y P R 
are forty in number; the ribs twenty-two on each fide ; 
its internal conftruttion is like that of the other carps. 
Linnaeus fays this fpecies is found in the Rhine and in 
the rivers of England ; but this is queftioned by Bloch. 
Willoughby favv one of them at Ratifbon, and thought, 
from its extreme beauty, that its colours had been laid 
on by art. 
39. Cyprinus Buggenhagii, the carp of Buggenhngen. 
The nineteen rays in the anal fin diftinguifh this from the 
ether fpecies. There are twelve rays to the pedtoral and 
dorfal fins, tv'elve to the ventral, eighteen to the tail. 
The head is 'mall, as well as the aperture of the mouth ; 
and the upper jaw is longer than the under one. The 
openings of the gills and noftrils are near the eyes. On 
the fnout and on the back part of the head is a dent cut 
in acrofs. The back, which is (harp, forms a bow, and is 
of a black colour ; the tides are comprelfed, and covered 
with large feales. The lateral line forms a bend towards 
the belly, and then continues through the middle of the 
body to the tail. The fins are blue, edged with the 
fame; the anal is crefcent-fhaped, and the tail bifurcated ; 
the anus is far removed from the hind part of the body; 
the ventral fin has an appendage. This filh is found in 
Swedifh Pomerania; it was firft deferibed by Bloch, who 
calls it carpe de Buggenhagen, from the name of the gen¬ 
tleman who fent him the lpecimen. It grows to twelve 
or fourteen inches long ; the flefh is white, but very full 
of little bones, therefore not much efteemed as food. It 
is caught in the fame manner as the bream, from which 
it does not differ in its internal conftruftion. The fiflier- 
men are glad to find any of thefe fifit in their nets, as 
they know by experience, that, wherever thefe fith 
abound, breams are in plenty; they have an idea that 
the breams follow this filh, and are guided by him; lienee 
they call him Later, conductor or guide. At firft fight 
this fpecies is ealily miftaken for a young bream or a 
bley; but the fmall number of rays in the anal fin ihews 
the difference. 
40. Cyprinus erythrophthalmus, the rud. This be¬ 
longs to that fpecies of carp which is broad and fliort ; 
the iris is of an orange-cclour; the fins of the anus, belly, 
and tail, are vermilion, and there are fifteen rays in the 
anal fin ; fucli are the diftindtive characters of this fpe¬ 
cies. The peCtoral fins have fixteen rays, the ventral 
ten, the tail twenty, and the dorfal twelve. The head 
is fmall, and rounded at the extremity ; jaws of equal 
length ; yet, when the mouth is open, the under jaw ad¬ 
vances rather beyond the upper one. The noftrils are 
wide ; and the body is covered with large feales. The 
back goes off to an edge above the dorfal fin ; but below 
that it is round, and of a very deep green colour. The 
peCtoral fin is of a brown red; and that of the back, 
which is farther from the head than from the belly, is 
of a greenifh red. The fides are generally white, inclin¬ 
ing to yellow. 
'I his fifh is very common in Pruflia. It is found in the 
march of Brandenburgh, in Pomerania, in the Rhine, 
and generally in lakes and rivers which have a fandy 
bottom. Formerly it was fa common about the Oder, 
that they fed hogs with it. It is alfo frequent in the 
fens of Holdernels, and in the Charwell near Oxford, 
and feems to be an intermediate fpecies between the carp 
and bream, being broader than the former, and deeper 
than the latter. The rud multiplies very faff; and 
fpawns in April; and, if the feafonbe warm, the fpavvn- 
ing-time is over in about four days ; and it depofits its 
eggs upon all forts of aquatic plants. One reafon why 
this fifh is fo productive is, becaufe it cannot void its 
eggs all at once, but by degrees: thus, if the cold, 
floods, or any ether caufe, deliroys a part of them, the 
reft may be preferved. In a filn of fix ounces weight, 
the double bag containing the eggs weighed feven 
drachms, and contained 91,720 egg's. In fpawning-time 
there arife on the feales of the male fmall, hard, pointed, 
sxcrefcences, which afterwards difappear. This fifh is 
I N U S. 530 
often devoured by the perch, the pike, and fundry wa¬ 
ter-fowl. They are taken at all times of the year ; but 
mod eafily in fpawning-time. It rarely grows a toot in 
length, and feldom weighs a pound. In fpawning-time 
and in winter it is commonly lean; but in fummer it is 
large, and its flefh is white and well-tafted, efpecially 
wheh young; but, as the fmall,bones are troublefome, 
it is not much^aten ; yet it is a wholefome food, becaufe 
it is not too fat. This fifh is one of thofe in whofe body 
is found a folitary inteffinal worm. On both fides of 
each jaw the rud has two rows of teeth a little bent like 
a faw : there are five in the front row, three in the 
hinder, which laft are the fhortefl. The inteffinal canal 
has two finuofities, the fpine of the back has thirty-feven 
vertebrae, and there are fixteen ribs on each fide. The 
other inteffines are like thofe of other fifties. 
41. Cyprinus jefes, the jentling. The diftinCtive 
marks are, a large and robuft body, great head, fnout 
rounded, and fourteen rays in the anal fin. The peCto¬ 
ral fin has fixteen, the ventral nine, the tail twenty, the 
dorfal twelve. The forehead is broad, and blackifh ; 
the noftrils are above the eyes. The eyes are large,, 
with a blackifh-blue pupil encircled with a yellow iris. 
The coverings of the gills are blue ; the back of the 
fame colour; the fides are of a varying bluifli colour, 
yellow above the lateral line, blue and filvery beneath. 
The feales are large, bordered at the bottom with blue. 
The lateral line is pretty ftraight, and marked with fif¬ 
ty-eight fpots of a brown-yellow colour. The dorfal fin 
is bluifh, and is farther from the head than the ventral 
fins. The tail-fin is large, but little forked, thick, and 
bordered all round with blue. The anal, ventral, and. 
peCtoral, fins, are of a clear violet colour. 
Bloch calls this a chub. It haunts large rivers; fwims 
with rapidity, and thus efcapes the purfuit of voracious 
fifties : it delights in rapid ftreams ; is often found near 
mills, and hence has obtained the name of miller. They 
fpawn about Eafter, in the fame manner as thole already 
deferibed; the fpawning ufually continues eight days; 
but, if there is an appearance of cold weather, it is over 
in three. This fifh grows fometimes to the weight ot 
eight or ten pounds, but in England feldom exceeds five 
the flefh is fat, full of bones, and of a yellow colour 
when dreffed; neither is it fo eafy of digeftion as the 
fpecies before deferibed. It is pickled in the fame man¬ 
ner as the vimba. It increafes much, but is flow in at¬ 
taining its full growth, being hardly three inches long at 
a year old. They are taken all the year in the Oder, 
the Spree, and the rivers which run into them ; alfo in 
Ruflia, in the Don, the Jaik, the Volga, the Ural, and 
the Irtifch, and the ftreams which communicate with 
them, alfo in the neighbouring lakes. There are eight 
teeth in each jaw, (landing in two rows : the five in front 
are large, the others fmall. Bloch remarks, that, in the 
fifh he examined, inftead of teeth, the upper jaw pre- 
fented three prickles, which led that naturalift to fup- 
pofe that fifties caft and renew their teeth. The fame fifh, 
he fays, weighed a pound and a half, the ovary feven 
ounces and three quarters, and contained 92,720 yellowifh 
eggs of the fize of poppy-feed. The (pine has forty 
vertebrae ; there are eighteen ribs on each fide ; the in¬ 
ternal canal has two finuofities. The other inteffines, 
and its manner of living, differ not from thofe already 
deferibed. 
42. Cyprinus nafus, the nafal carp. This fpecies is 
known by the blacknefs of the peritoneum, or inner 
belly ; which has caufed it in forne countries to be called 
black-belly , and many on the fame account will not eat of 
it; but the more viable fpecific character is, the pro¬ 
minent fnout, and fourteen rays in the anal fin. The 
pedtoral fins have fixteen rays, the ventral thirteen, the 
tail twenty-two, and the cicrfal twelve ; the pectoral, 
ventral, and anal, fins, are reddifh ; the dorfal and tail, 
fins, black. This filh got the name of uaj'us, or nofe-fifh, 
from the upper jaw coming ouc with a blunt point be-. 
ypnda 
