'§44 C Y P 
low : it forms a bow, and does not rife infenfibly like 
other filh of this.genus, but all at once, which makes 
the nape of the neck appear as if indented. The lateral 
line, which is curved and marked with yellow dots, di¬ 
vides the fifh in two parts ; the upp.er part is white in¬ 
clining to blue, and the lower is blue, as well as the 
belly. The pedtoral and ventral fins are red ; the, anal 
and dorfal brown edged with blue, which la ft is placed 
farther from the head than the ventral fins. The tail-fin 
is blue, and forked; the under part longer than the up¬ 
per. This filh is very common in Prulfia, being found 
in all thofe lakes and rivers where the dream is gentle, 
with a fandy or marly bottom. It is not much efteemed, 
being thin and lean, and having a deal of bone. It fpawns 
in May and June, on the herbage of the fmooth banks; 
at thofe times it may be taken with the hand. At other 
times it is very timid, and plunges to the bottom of the 
water on the leaft noife; and is confequently very diffi¬ 
cult to catch. 
The manner in which they fpawn occafions them to 
be divided into three dalles. The larged appear the 
fil'd, and fpawn foon after the bream : they begin at fun- 
rife, and continue voiding their eggs till ten in the morn¬ 
ing : this is perfifted in for three or four days, unlels a 
fudden cold ffiould intervene, which occafions them to 
finiffi the fame day. Nine days after, appear thofe of a 
middling fize ; and after another interval of nine days 
come the fmalleft of all. By their motions in calling 
their fpawn, they make a great noife during the whole 
time. This filh multiplies greatly, and is a principal 
food for the rapacious kinds. In one of this fpecies 
which weighed four ounces was found 108,000 eggs of a 
green colour, fmaller than grains of millet. This filh 
commonly weighs from three to four ounces, though 
fome have been taken which weighed a pound. They 
feed like the reft of the genus, but are alio very fond of 
the fpawn of the rud. The inteftinal canal has two finu- 
ofities, the fpine of the back thirty-nine vertebras, and 
each jaw feven teeth in two rows ; the other interior 
parts are like the reft of the carps. 
This filh is purfued and deftroyed by the voracious 
tribes, by the water-fowl, and the fea-eagle ; it is alfo 
made ufe of as a bait for eels. Its fleih is flabby ; but 
is not unwholefonte for weak perfons. It is particularly 
in the lower belly of this filh that is found the worm 
called by Linnaeus fafciola intejlinalis ; fometimes fix or 
eight are found together, each a foot long. By the tur- 
gidity of the belly it is eafy to know when the creature 
is afflicted by thefe worms; and, as it is known to be 
fubjecl to this malady, many perfons will not eat them 
on that account. The filhermen endeavour to get the 
werm out by fqueezing the belly of the filh ; but they 
feldom fucceed, becauie it is ufually twilled round the 
inteftines. In the fpring thefe worms are feldom found : 
perhaps the eggs and fpawn, which then increale fo 
much in fize, leave no room forfuch troublefonie guefts. 
This animal is faid to attack the young filh rather than 
the old. 
CYPRIPE'DIUM, f. [from Venus, and wo^ov, 
a Ihoe or flipper.] In botany ; the Ladies-sliffer, a 
genus of tiie clafs gynandria, order diandria, natural or¬ 
der orchideae. The generic characters are—Calyx : 
fpathes vague ; fpadix Ample.; perianthium none. Co¬ 
rolla: petals four or five, lanceolate-linear, very long, 
fpreading, eredt; nectary within the lower petal, llipper- 
iorrn, inflated, obtufe, hollow, fliorter than the petals, 
broader; upper lip ovate, flat, inflex, fmall. Stamina; 
filaments two, very fhort, feated on the piftil ; antherte 
credl, covered by the upper lip of the nedtary. Piftil- 
lum: germ long, twilled, inferior; ftyle very ihort, 
growing to the upper lip of the nediary; ftigmaobfeure. 
Pericarpium : capliile obovate, obtufely three-cornered; 
with three futures, under which it gapes in the corners, 
three-valved, one-ceiled. Seeds : numerous, very fmall; 
receptacle linear, growing lengthwife to each valve of 
C Y P 
the pericarp.— EJfextial CharaElcr. Nedlary, ventricofe. 
inflated, hollow. 
Species. 1. Cypripedium calceolus, or common ladies- 
flipper: roots fibrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate on the 
Item; petals acuminate. Root compofed of many fiefliy 
black fibres, fpreading obliquely near the furface ; the 
flelhy part retaining the mark of "the (talk produced the 
former year: a new root being annually formed on the 
fide of the old one ; ftalks two, three, or more, in pro¬ 
portion to the ftrength of the root, nine, ten, or twelve, 
inches high, and a little hairy ; leaves from three to near 
four inches long, and near two inches broad at their 
bafe, of a deep green, and ending in acute points. Four 
or five of thefe leaves are placed alter.nately-along the 
ftalk. In the bofom of the upper leaf is inclofed the 
flower-bud, fupported by a (lender peduncle, which ge¬ 
nerally turns a little on one fide ; and before the flower 
opens, advances above the (heath ; the corolla has four 
narrow petals, of a dark purple colour, placed in form 
of a crofs, and fpreading wide open. In the centre is 
lituated the nedlary, ffiaped like a wooden ftoe, of a pale 
yellow colour, with a few broken ftreaks ; the opening 
is covered with two ears; the upper one tender, white, 
and fpotted with purple ; the lower thick, and of an 
herbaceous colour. The lower leaves flieatli, the up¬ 
per embrace, the ftera : they are marked with feven or 
nine principal parallel nerves, and very numerous inter¬ 
mediate ones, fringed with fhort hairs on both fides; 
feed-veiTel eredl, about an inch long, fomewhat prifm- 
fliaped, with three flat fides, and three ribbed angles. 
Native of Lapland, Sweden, Swilferland, Savoy, Pied¬ 
mont, Germany, Hungary', Poland, &c. In the north 
of England, in woods and thickets, but rare.—Parkin- 
fon and Ray remarked it to grow in Helk’s wood, Lan- 
cafliire ; near Ingleborough, Yorkffiire ; but Mr. Wood- 
wmrd has fearched for it there in vain, a gardener of In*, 
glcton having eradicated every plant for fale. Miller 
found it in the park of Borough-hall, in Lancaffiire, tiie 
feat of Robert Fenwick, efquire. Found alfo about 
Clapham and Ingleton in Yorkffiire ; in the neighbour¬ 
hood of Kilnfay; and about Kilnfey-Crag, Wharldale, 
both in Yorkffiire ; and Caftle-Eden-dene in the county 
of Durham. Gerarde had a plant of it in his garden, 
which he received from his “very good friend mailer 
Garret, an apothecary.” It was not then known to grow 
wild in England. Johnfon adds, that it was reported 
to grow in the north parts of this kingdom ; and that 
he faw it in flower with Mr. Tradefcant. Its old name 
in Engliffl was our lady's Jhoe or Jlipper, from the Latin, 
Calceolus D. Maria , or Marianus. It is the fame in the 
other European languages. In German, Marienfchuh ; 
in French, Jabot dt la Vierge, or Joulier de Notre Dame ; in 
Italian, pantojfala , or Jcarpa della Madonna, &c. It 
flowers the end of May, and the ftalks decay to the root 
in autumn, new ones rifirig the following fpring. 
/ 3 . A variety near a foot and half high ; it has longer 
and fmoother leaves than the European. The two fide 
petals of the flower are long, narrow, terminate in acute 
pojnts, and the fides are .waving. The nedtarium is ob¬ 
long and narrower, yellow, fpotted with browniffi red. 
Native of Virginia, and ether parts of North America. 
y. Same height as the preceding variety. The leaves 
are of an oblong oval form,, and deeply veined ; the 
flower is large, of a reddifli brown colour, marked with 
a few purple veins. Native of America, where it is 
called mocctifin Jower. Thefe are thought to be diftindl 
fpecies. This is probably the fame with our fourth ; 
but the B. C. bulbofum of Miller does not correfpond 
with our fecond. 
2. Cypripedium bulbofum, or bulbous ladies-flipper : 
bulb roundiffi ; leaf roundiffi at the root. Root a bulb, 
throwing out a few thick fibres from its lower part, and 
inverted with a femi-tranfparent, acute, erect membrane, 
rifing far above its top ; leaf radical, folitary, petioled, 
oval, fomewhat pointed, entire, ribbed, fmooth, dark 
green. 
