630 D E A 
known to our law ; and feveral divifions feem neceffary 
to diftinguiffi them properly. Confidered in refpedt of 
the difference of office, deans are of fix kinds, i. Deans 
of chapters, who are either of cathedral or collegiate 
churches; though the members of churches of the latter 
fort may more properly be denominated colleges than 
chapters. 2. Deans of peculiars ; who have fometimes 
both jurifdiCtion and cure of fouls, as the dean of Battel 
in Sulfex ; and fometimes jurifdiCtion only, as the dean 
of the Arches in London ; the deans of Rocking in Efl'ex, 
and of Croydon in Surrey. 3. Rural deans, who had firfb 
jurifdiCtion over deaneries, as every diocefe is divided 
into archdeaconries and deaneries ; but afterwards their 
power was 'diminiffied, and they were only the bifliops 
fubftitute.s to grant letters of adrniniftration, probate of 
wills, &c. And now their office is wholly extinguifiied, 
for the archdeacons and chancellors of bifnops execute 
the authority which rural deans had through all the 
diccefes of England. 1 NelJ'. Abr. 596. Deans in the col¬ 
leges of our univerfities; who are officers appointed to 
fuperintend the behaviour of the members, and to en¬ 
force difcipline. 5. Honorary deans ; as the dean of the 
chapel-royal at St. James’s, who is fo (filed on account 
of the dignity of the perfon over whofe chapel he pre- 
fides. As to the chapel of St. George, Windfor, there 
being canons as well as a dean, it is fomething more than 
a mere chapel, and, except in name, refembles a colle¬ 
giate church. 6. Deans of provinces; or as they are 
fometimes called deans of bifhops. Thus the bilhop of 
London is dean of the province of Canterbury ; and to 
him as fuch, the archbilliop fends his mandate for fum- 
moning the bifhops of his province, when a convocation 
is to be affembled ; which may perhaps account for call¬ 
ing him dean of the biffiops ; what the other parts of his 
office are, the books do not explain, nor do they men¬ 
tion whether there is a dean for the province of York. 
See Lutzu: Gibf. 1 Infl. 95. 
Another divifion of deans, arifing from the nature of 
their office, is into deans of fpiritual promotions, and 
deans of lay promotions. Of the former kind are deans 
of peculiars with cure of fouls, deans of the royal cha¬ 
pels, and deans of chapters ; though as to the(e lad, a 
contrary opinion formerly prevailed. Perhaps too, ru¬ 
ral deans might be added to the number. Of the latter 
kind are deans of peculiars without cure of fouls, who 
therefore may be, and frequently are, perfons not in 
holy orders. 
In refpeCt of the manner of appointment, deans are, 
j. Elective ; as deans of chapters of the old foundation ; 
though they are only fo, like bifhops, nominally, and in 
form ; the king being in fact the real patron. 2. Dona¬ 
tive ; as thofe deans of chapters of the new foundation, 
who are appointed by the king’s letters-patent, and are 
inftalled, under his command to the chapter, without 
reforting to the bilhop either for admiffion, or for a man¬ 
date of inftalment; if that mode of promoting ftill pre¬ 
vails in refpeCt to any of the new deaneries. Deans of 
the royal chapels are alfo donative, the king appointing 
to them in the fame way. So too may deans of pecu¬ 
liars, without cure of fouls, be called; as the dean of 
the Arches, who is appointed by commiffion from the 
archbifhop of Canterbury ; but this mud be underftood 
in a large fenfe of the word donative , it being mod ufinally 
redrained to fpiritual promotions. 3. Prefentative ; as 
fome deans of peculiars with cure of fouls, and the deans 
of fome chapters of the new foundation, if not all. Thus 
the dean of Battel is prefented by the patron to the bi¬ 
lhop of Chichefter, and from him receives inditution. 
This deanery was founded by William the Conqueror. 
He hath ecclefiadical jurifdiCtion within the liberty of 
Battel, and is prefentable by the duke of Montagu, and 
though indituted and inducted by the biffiop of Chichef- 
ter, is not fubjeCt to his vifitation. 1 NelJ'. Abr. Thus 
too the dean of Glouceder is prefented by the king to 
D E A 
the biffiop, with a mandate to admit him, and to give 
orders for his indalment. 4. By virtue of another office ; 
as the.biffiop of London is dean of the province of Can¬ 
terbury ; and the bifinop of St. David’s is dean of his 
own chapter. It appears that the right to appoint deans 
of cathedral and collegiate churches, and the mode of 
appointing them, mud generally depend, alinod wholly, 
upon charters, ufage, or aCts of parliament; and if a cafe 
(hould, by bare poffibility, arifie, where neither of thofe 
rules could be had recourfe to, founderlhip feems the 
only true criterion of patronage. 
In refpeCt of the manner of holding, deans are either 
abfolute, or in commendam. But this applies only to fpi¬ 
ritual deaneries. It is faid there are alfo deputy deans. 
A commendatory dean may, with the chapter, choofe a 
biffiop. And if a dean be elected bilhop, and before 
confecration doth obtain difpenfation to hold his deanery 
in commendam, fuch dean may well confirm, &c. for his 
old title remains, and therefore confirmations, and other 
acts done by him, as dean, are good in law. Palm. Rep. 460.. 
A dean and chapter are the biffiop’s council, to affift 
him in the affairs of religion, &c. to confult in deciding 
difficult controverfies, and confent to every grant which 
the biffiop fhall make to bind his fucceffors, &c. A dean 
that is folely feifed of a diftinCt poffeffion, hath an abfo¬ 
lute fee in him as well as a bifiiop. 1 Injl. 325. A deanery 
is a fpiritual promotion, and not a temporal one, though 
the dean be appointed by the king ; and the dean and 
chapter may be in part fecular, and in part regular. As 
a deanery is a fpiritual dignity, a man cannot be dean 
and prebendary in the fame church. Dyer, 273. 
DEAN, a forefi of England, in Gloucefterffiire, be¬ 
tween the river Severn and the county of Monmouth. 
The forefi; once contained thirty tkoufand acres of land, 
in which were twenty-three parifiies, and four market- 
towms, with great abundance of fine timber. The iron 
forges have leffened the quantity of wood, but not con- 
fumed it, as care is faid to be taken in cutting it. The 
hills abound in iron ore. The quantity of land belong¬ 
ing to the crown within the laft perambulation is about 
23,015 acres, exclufive of freehold property. Indiffe¬ 
rent parts are 589 cottages, containing about 2000 inha¬ 
bitants, and 1798 fmall inclofures, amounting to 1385 
acres, belonging to the forefi, but occupied by cotta¬ 
gers. As the whole forefi is extra-parochial, thefe are 
exempted from rate's and taxes, have unlimited right of 
pafturage, befide the accefs to the wood and timber, and 
the privilege of finking mines. 
DEAN, or Michael Dean, a fmall town in the 
county of Gloucefter, lituated in the forefi, to which in 
all probability it gives name, with a weekly market on 
Mondays, and two annual fairs, viz. Eafter Monday, and 
October 10. It is twelve miles weft of Gloucefter, and 
120 weft of London. 
DEANE, a river of England, which runs into the 
Trent, near Newark, in Nottinghamfhire. 
DEAN'ERY, f. The office of a dean.—He could no 
longer keep the deanery of the chapel-royal. Clarendon .— 
The revenue of a dean : 
Put both deans in one ; or, if that’s too much trouble^ 
Inftead of the deans make the deanery double. Swift. 
The houfe of a dean.—Take her by the hand, away with 
her to the deanery, and difpatch it quickly. Shakefpeare. 
DEAN'SHIP, J. The office and rank of a dean. 
DEAR, adj. [beop, Sax.] Beloved; favourite; dar¬ 
ling.—The dear, dear name, (he bathes in flowing tears. 
Addifon. —And the laft joy was dearer than the reft. Pope „ 
—Valuable ; of a high price ; coftly : 
What made directors cheat the South-fea year ? 
To feed on ven’fon when it fold fo dear. Pope . 
Scarce ; not plentiful; as, a dear year. It feems to be- 
fometimes ufied in Shakefpeare for dire ; fad ; hateful; 
grievous: 
WhaS 
