D E N M A R K. 725 
»ia, or book of the origins of Iceland, is a unique work, 
difplaying the names and property of all the original fet- 
tlers, and the circumftances attending the diftribution of 
a barbaric colony. 
After the reftoration of letters, Denmark continued to 
maintain her wonted afcendancy over Sweden ; and the 
name of Tycho Brahe is yet celebrated ; but his little 
ifle of Hwen, or Hoeen, noted for his aftronomical obfer- 
vations, now belongs to Sweden. The botany of Den¬ 
mark has been illuftrated by Older; and Niebuhr is dif- 
tinguifhed as an intelligent traveller: but in the other 
paths of fcience and literature there feems to be a great 
deficiency. The only work of celebrity which diftin- 
guiflied the completion of the eighteenth century at Co¬ 
penhagen, was the Annals of Abulfeda, with a Latin 
tranflation, and notes, in royal quarto. With refpedt to 
education, each parilh in Denmark is provided with two 
or three fchools, where children are taught to read and 
write their native tongue, and the principles of arith¬ 
metic. There are beiides many Latin fchools, main¬ 
tained at the royal expence ; fixteen in Holltein ; eleven 
in Slefwick; nineteen in Denmark proper, or Jutland, and 
the ifles: but only four in the wide extent of Norway, 
and two in Iceland. There is alfo a fpecial feminary for 
the Laplanders at Bergen; and at Soroe, Odenfee, and 
Altona, there are fuperior academies of education. The 
Danifii univerfities are at Copenhagen, and Kiel. The 
royal academy of fciences was founded in 1742, but has 
been more diftinguilhed in national antiquities than in 
natural hiftory. In 1746 was founded the fociety for the 
improvement of northern hiftory, alfo Itiled the royal 
fociety of Icelandic literature. There is another relpedt- 
able inflitution at Drontheim, ftiled the royal fociety of 
fciences. Thefe foundations confer honour on the Da- 
nifh government; and will eventually contribute to dif- 
fufe fcience, and infpire emulation. 
Copenhagen is the chief city of Denmark ; next to 
which is Bergen, the capital of Norway, founded in the 
year 1070. The third city of Denmark is Altona, on the 
Elbe, within a gun-fhot of Hamburgh, originally a vil¬ 
lage of the parifh of Ottenfen ; but in 1640 it became 
fubjedt to Denmark, and was conftituted a city in 1664. 
Chriftiana, in the fouth of Norway, mult alfo be named 
among the chief towns. Drontheim, about 270 Britifh 
miles to the north of Bergen, anciently called Nidaros, 
is alfo large and populous. The other towns of Den¬ 
mark are Gluckftadt, Elfinore, Flenfburg, Kiel, Aar- 
huus, &c. 
The chief inland navigation of Denmark is the canal 
of Kiel, fo called from a confiderable town in the north 
of Holftein. This canal is intended to unite the Baltic 
with the river Eydar, which flows into the German Sea. 
The extent of this important canal is about twenty Bri- 
tifh miles and a half; the breadth one hundred feet at 
top, and fifty-four at bottom ; the lead depth is about ten 
feet, fo as to admit veflels of about 120 tons. It was 
■begun in July 1777, and was finifhed in 1785. The ma- 
nufadtures of the Danifh dominions have been lately very 
much encouraged. At Copenhagen are what are called 
the royal manufactures, in which four hundred looms are 
conltantly employed, from the fined woollen cloth ufed 
at court, to that worn by the foldiery. Other manufac¬ 
tures have alfo been recently encouraged by the crown, 
which has paid more attention to commerce and agricul¬ 
ture, than to the arts and fciences ; though the former 
deplorable date of the roads, in which all travellers 
agree, evinced that the Danes had not juft ideas of im¬ 
provement. The chief exports of Denmark confid of 
native products. Jutland with the ides, Slefwick, and 
Holftein, generally export corn to a confiderable amount; 
and the horfes and cattle of the latter province furnidt 
a fupply to Holland. The cream-coloured horfes of Ol¬ 
denburg, a fmall maritime diftrict in Weftphalia, for¬ 
merly belonging to the Danilh kings, who thence derive 
their origin, are of well-known excellence and beauty. 
Vol. V. No. 309, 
The chief products of Norway are wood, hides, chiefly 
thofe of the goat ; with diver, copper, and iron; while 
Iceland exports dried fifli, falcons and hawks, and eider¬ 
down. The commerce of this kingdom has been greatly 
improved fince the acquifition of Altona, and the open¬ 
ing of the Kiel navigation. The colonies in the Eaft and 
Weft Indies alfo fupply other refources. 
Denmark proper may be confidered as pofiefling a hu¬ 
mid and temperate climate. Yet the winter is occafion- 
ally of extreme feverity, and the fea is impeded with ice. 
Norway, chiefly extending along the weft fide ot the 
Scandinavian Alps, expofed to the vapours from tire At¬ 
lantic, is not fo cold a region as might be conceived, 
Finmark indeed feels the utmoft rigour of winter; while 
in Iceland, on the contrary, that leafon is unexpectedly 
moderate. In Denmark rivulets are numerous; but 
there is fcarcely a river of any note, except the Eydar, 
the ancient boundary between Denmark and Germany. 
Towards the north of Jutland an extenfive creek of the 
fea, called Lymfiord, penetrates from the Cattegat to 
within two or three miles of the German fea, navigable, 
full of fifli, and containing many iflands. This remark¬ 
able inlet, which is as it were a Mediterranean fea in mi¬ 
niature, might well be expedited to enrich the neighbour¬ 
ing country, but feems to be neglected, as travellers and 
geographers are filent. There are feveral other creeks, 
which by the Danesare ftiled Fiords , or Firths, but icarcely 
another river worth mentioning ; for the Guden, which 
becomes navigable at Handers, isof a very confined courfe.. 
In Norway, as in Sweden, the largeft rivers are called 
Elven or Elben. Thofe that rife in the Alpine chain, 
and run towards the weft, have in conlequence but a 
fliort courfe ; and the chief ports, as in the w’eft of Scot¬ 
land, are fupplied by creeks or inlets of the fea; the 
great depth of the water and height of the fhore rendering 
this coaft not a little unfafe to navigators. T. he chief 
river of Norway is the Glom or Glomen, which is not 
navigable, but full of cataradfs and fhoals ; yet about 
50,000 trees are annually floated upon it to Frederick- 
ftadt. Before it receives the Worm from the lake Miols, 
it is as broad as the Thames at Putney; and its rugged 
courfe muft render it a tremendous torrent. The Glo¬ 
men, alfo called the StorElv, or Great River, fpringsfrorn 
the lake of Orefund on the north of the Fcemund, and 
runs nearly fouth about three hundred Britifh miles. 
Next may be named the Dramme, which flows into the 
weft fide of the bay of Chriftiana, having received the 
Beina, and other confiderable ftreams. Lefs remarkable 
rivers in the fouth of Nonvay are the Louven, the Tor- 
rifdals which runs by Chriftianfand, and others flowing 
from numerous lakes. In Finmark the mod confiderable 
river is the Tana, which is followed by the Alten ; both 
rifing in the mountains to the north of Swedifh Lapland, 
and flowing into the Ardlic Ocean. 
The lakes in the Danifh dominions are numerous, the 
raoft extenfive being in the fouth of Norway. The lake 
of Miofs is about fixty Britifh miles in length, but the 
breadth is in general little confiderable, except towards 
the center, where it is from twelve to eighteen miles: it 
contains an ifland about ten miles in circumference, fer¬ 
tile in corn, pafture, and wood. Next is the lake of 
Rands or Rands-Slon, which is near fifty miles in length, 
but not more than two in breadth. The lake of Tyri is 
a beautiful piece of water, about fifteen miles in length 
and breadth, diverfified with many bays and creeks : the 
environs are delightful, confifting of corn fields, fertile 
meadows, and hanging woods, backed by lofty mountains 
towering above each other. Other lakes in the fouth of 
Norway are thofe of Ojeren, Or, Kroren, Tonhof, Tind, 
Huide, Nifler, Kiel, and Syredal. Further to the north 
is the large lake of Faemund, about thirty-five Britifh 
miles in length, by eight at its greateft breadth : this lake 
is celebrated by Bergman as being furrounded by moun¬ 
tains of great height. Yet further, in a northern direc¬ 
tion, are found the lake of Saelbo, through which the Nid 
§ Y palfes 
