726 D E N M 
pafles to Drontheim ; and the lakes of Beitftadt and 
Snaafen. In Norland is that of Rys: and eaftern Fin- 
mark prefents that of Pafvig. 
In the kingdom of Denmark proper there are no 
heights, which can afpire to the name of mountains ; but 
Norway is almofl: wholly an Alpine country. The grand 
chain, which divides that kingdom from Sweden, is 
known by diftindt appellations as it paffes through differ¬ 
ent provinces; and for which fee the article Norway. 
There are many woods in the Danifh ifles, and large 
forefts in Jutland. The..Norwegian mountains are gene¬ 
rally clothed with pines and firs ; and almofl; the whole 
country may be regarded as a forefl, .which fupplies Eu¬ 
rope with mails, and other large timber. The mountains 
of Scotland were once equally covered, though now de¬ 
nuded, nature flowing trees exceedingly thick, while man 
plants them fo thin that the plantation periflies for want 
of mutual protection. Norway may in this refpedt recall 
a juft image of Britain as it appeared to the Romans. 
Denmark, with its German dependencies-, is for the moll 
part a flat country, and a large proportion of its furface 
is taken up with marfhes and lakes : here and there oc¬ 
cur ridges of low rocks, but no mountains even of the 
third magnitude are to be met with: the remainder of 
the territory is devoted to cultivation and pafturage, of 
which the mod celebrated grazing tradls are included in 
the duchy of Holftein. The flea fhore affords the beau¬ 
tiful pulmonaria maritima, flea lungwort; and cochlearia Da- 
nica, Danifh fcurvy-grafls. The dry open hills produce 
anemone pulfadlla, pafque flower; dianthus Jupcrbus, fringed 
pink ; delphinium confolida, Iarkfpur ; gendana jiliformis ; 
and ajlragalus Danicus. The woods and thickets yield 
cornu's fangidnea, red dogwood ; pulmonaria officinalis and 
angijlifolia , common and narrow-leaved lungwort; vnpa- 
tiens noli-me-tangcre ; and the rare ferapias rubra, red hel- 
leborine. The marfh ditches abound with Jlratiotes aloides, 
water floldier ; and the meadows and hedge-fides furnifh 
ornitkogalum lutcum and nutans, yellow and nodding ftar of 
Bethlehem; ranunculus lanuginoj,its, woolly crowfoot; and 
Oenothera biennis, evening primrofe. 
The Danifh dominions being of fuch-great extent, and 
variety of climate and afpedl, there is a great diverfity 
in the animal productions. The horfes of Norway and 
Iceland are as remarkable for diminutive fize, as thofe 
of Holftein and Oldenburg are for the contrary quality. 
Among the more peculiar animals may be named the 
rein deer, common in Finmarkand throughout Lapland. 
This animal rel'embles a flag, but is ftronger ; and the 
deep divifion of his hoofs is adapted to tread on the flnow, 
being fuited by Providence to a cold climate, as the ca¬ 
mel is to the flultry deflert. The antlers of the rein deer 
are longer and more branched than thofe of the (tag, and 
they alflo decorate the brows of the female. Thei’e ani¬ 
mals are ftill numerous in a wild ftate, though the Lap¬ 
landers have reclaimed great numbers, which flupply the 
place of horfes and cattle. The elk is a more flouthern 
animal, and fometimes appears in Norway, which is in- 
fefted by the bear, the wolf, and the lynx. The glut¬ 
ton is here a peculiar animal; and the beaver conftrudls 
his manfion in Norway with the fame fkill as in North 
America. The lemming, or Norwegian moufe, proceeds 
from the ridge of Kolen, and fometimes fpreads defola- 
tion, like the locuft. Thefe animals appear in vaft num¬ 
bers, proceeding from the mountains towards the flea, 
and devouring every produdl of the foil : it would feem 
that, after confuming every thing eatable in their courfe, 
they at laft devour each other. Norway alflo boafts of 
fome peculiar birds, as the picus tridadlylus, and the 
tetrao lagopus. The viper called afpis is alflo found 
there. In Danilh Lapland the fquirrel, which is red in 
the flummer, in the winter becomes grey. Leems, though 
a refpedtable author, maintains the fable of the kraken ; 
and his deflcription, derived from the natives of Norland 
and Finland, correfponds with the marvellous account 
af Pontoppidan, The falmon fupplies a confiderable 
A II K. 
part of the Laplander’s food ; and vaft numbers are 
tranflported on rein deer from the fliores of the Tana. 
Hares are alfo, common in that remote region : and the 
bear, lynx, and fox, are lefs welcome vifitants. 
The mineralogy of the Danifh dominions is chiefly re- 
ftridted to Norway, for in Jutland and the ifles no im¬ 
portant difcpveries have arifen, though it be probable 
that iron, and perhaps coal, may be found. Jutland 
fupplies tripoly and fullers’ earth, with fome alum, and 
vitriol. The ifle of Moen has hills of chalk; and por¬ 
celain clay is found in Bornholm. Thefe regions feem 
chiefly calcareous, yet freeftone is rare. Norway, on the 
contrary, abounds in various metals. About the year 
1645, fome gold ore was found near Arindal, of which 
ducats were (truck. But in gold Norway yields greatly 
to the Swedifh mines of Adelfors, and only claims the 
fuperiority in (ilver, the mines of Kongfberg, about forty 
Britifh miles to the fouth-weft of Chriftiana, having been 
long reputed the riche ft in Europe ; and one mafs of na¬ 
tive filver in the royal cabinet weighs 409 marks, being 
worth 3000 rix-dollars, or 600I. Thefe mines were mi¬ 
nutely deferibed by Bergman, who informs us that the 
rock confifts of vertical banks of micaceous fcIndus’, 
with garnets, limeftone, and quartz. They are pafled 
tranfverfely by the veins of metal, from half an inch to 
more than two feet in thicknefs, fometimes accompanied 
with large grained limeftone, but more often with (par ; 
and fom'etimes with quartz, fluor, white, blue, or vio¬ 
let, felenite, and foflil cork, and fometimes with pyrites, 
yellow copper ore, and blende. Thefe mines were dif- 
coy.ered in 1623 by two peafants, who were diverting 
themfelves with throwing (tones; and in confequence 
the town of Kongfberg was founded. They are worked 
by thirty-fix (hafts, and ufed to yield about 70,000!. annu¬ 
ally, when 4000 men were employed; but recently 2400 
have removed to the cobalt mines at Folium, twenty 
.miles to the north, and it is fuppofed that the produce 
barely defrays the expence. Yet they fupply the mint 
with currency, the largeft coin being of eight Danifh 
• (killings, or fourpence fterling ; and it is efteemed a pe¬ 
culiarity of this mine, that it may be little productive 
during a year or two, when fuddenly a rich vein is dif- 
covered which amply repays the lofs of labour. Nor¬ 
way alfo pqlfefles other (ilver mines at Iarlfberg in the 
fame region, about thirty miles to the north-eaft, dif- 
covered in 1726, but of (mail account. 
The important copper-mines of Roras, about fixty- 
eight Britifh miles fouth-eaft of Drontheim, were dif- 
covered in 1644. They are in the fouthern (lope of the 
chain of Dofra, in a rock of what the Germans call horn - 
Jchifftr, or hornblende flate. The veinsare from fix inches 
to fix ells in thicknefs ; and the ore of a pale yellow. 
The mine of Storward is in a high mountain ; the rock 
being grey gneifs, which is followed by a blackifli ftea- 
tite. In general the mines of Roras are very produc¬ 
tive, and a fource of confiderable revenue. Otlper cop- 
, per-mines are at Qujckne and Selboe, about fifty miles 
to the eaft of Drontheim, and at other places. The 
mines of cobalt at Foflum, have been but lately difeo- 
vered. This metal yields (malt, or powder blue, ufed 
in painting pottery and porcelain, and in colouring (larch; 
and the mine is fuppofed to produce a clear annual reve¬ 
nue to the crown of about 15,0001. Near it is a rich vein 
of quartz, containing large maffes of talc. But the iron- 
mines of Norway are efteemed the mod profitable. They 
are chiefly (ituated not far from Arindal, in the fouthern 
province of Chriftianfand ; and near Skeen, between 
Arindal and Kongfberg. Lead appears in the vicinity 
of Konglberg ; and there are alum works near Chriftiana. 
Norway produces abundance of marble, with fome ala- 
bafter, and lapis ollaris. Rock cryftals occur of a large 
fize, often brown or yellow, like thofe of Bohemia and 
Piedmont. Jade and magnets are alfo found in Norway; 
with curious garnets, efpecially the green, which are lit¬ 
tle known in other regions. In mineral waters the Dq- 
