iS C E L 
placed alternately, and at the foot-lialk of each come out 
the flowers, more than half the length of the (talk; they 
are of an iron colour on the out fide, but pale yellow with¬ 
in, fpreading open like thole of common mullein, but not 
fb regular, it flowers in June, and the feeds ripen in 
September. Native of the Levant. Tournefort fent the 
feeds from Armenia to the royal garden at Pal is, whence 
this plant has been communicated to mod parts of Europe. 
It is annual ; but in England it will rarely ripen its feeds, 
nniefs the plants come upjn the autumn, and live through 
tire winter. It was cultivated in 1739, ' n Chelfea garden. 
2. Celfia ardlurus, or fool lop-leaved cellia: radical 
leaves lyrate-pinna'e ; peduncles longer than the flower. 
Native of Crete; biennial; cultivated about 1780. 
3. Celfia creticu, or great-flowered celfia : radical leaves 
lyrate; Item leaves fubeordat^e, embracing; flowers fub- 
feflile. Native of the Eaft-Indies; introduced in 1776, by 
M. Thouin ; it flowers in-July ; biennial. 
4. Celfia linearis: leaves tern, linear, toothletted. This 
is an elegant, evergreen, finooth, flirub. 1 he trunk is 
woody, but weak, the thicknels of a quill, ftriated, pale 
brown, three feet high, putting out numerous fpreading 
branches its whole-length; tlte younger ones green, 
grooved, aed very leafy. Leaves growing three together, 
fpreading much, the larged two inch.es long. Profeflor 
Jacquin received it from Ortega of Madrid. It was found 
in Peru by Dombey ; and was introduced here from France 
by Mr. Williams. 
Propagation and Culture. If the feeds are fown on a warm 
dry border as foon as they are ripe, the plants will often 
come up and live through the winter, if the foil be poor : 
in rich ground they are apt to grow rank, and then they 
are generally tieftroyed by the early frofts, or w ill rot with 
much wet; but, if the plants fhould not rife -the fame 
autumn, there will be little hazard of their growing the 
following fpring. They require no other care but to keep 
them clean from weeds, and thin them if they are too. 
clofe ; for they do not bear removing well, and fhould 
therefore be fown where they are intended to remain. 
Sometimes, when the feafoti proves warm, the plants fown 
in the fpring produce ripe feeds, but thefe cannot be de¬ 
pended on. The fecond and third fpecies require the pro¬ 
tection of the green-houfe. The fourth may be propa¬ 
gated botli by feeds and cuttings. It fucceeds belt in a 
moderate dove, but will bear to be treated as a tender 
green-houfe plant. 
CEL'SITUDE,/. \_cdfitudo, Lat.] Height. 
CEL'SUS, a celebrated philofopher of the Epicurean 
feit, fiouriflied in the fecond century under Adrian and 
Antoninus Pius, and is the fame with him to whom Lu¬ 
cian has dedicated his Pfeudamantis. He wrote a famous 
work againft the Chriftian religion, under the title of “ A 
True Difcourfe,” which was anfvvercd by Origen in as 
famous a work, confiding of eight books. His “True 
Difcourfe” is lod ; blit Iris objections againft Chridianity 
may be known from the extracts which are preferved of 
rt in Origen’s anfwer. It is agreed on all hands, that he 
was a mod fubtle adverfary, perfectly verfed in all the arts 
of controvei fy, and as learned as he was ingenious : fc that 
it is no wonder if the primitive Chriffians thought nothing 
lefs than fuch a champion as Origen a match for him. 
CEL'SUS (Aurelius Cornelius), a.philo(opher and phy- 
fician, who flciiridied under the reign of Auguffus and 
Tiberius. We know but little of him ; that he lived at 
Rome, and fpent the greated part of his days there, we 
have forne reafon to think; but whether he was born in. 
that city, or ever made free of it, mud remain for ever 
uncertain. He wrore upon feveral fubjeCfs, as we learn 
'from Quintilian : upon rhetoric, for which, he is often 
quoted and commended by this great maffer; upon the art 
military; upon agriculture; and. we have dill extant of 
his, eight books de Medicina, which are written in very 
pure Latin. There is a palfage in one of thefe books, which 
deferves to be quoted, becanfe it fhews a generous and eu- 
fcutged mind j becaufe, too, it is applicable to more pro- 
C E L 
fe (lions than one, and may help to cure that obdinacy ami- 
bigotry which are fo natural to the pride of the human 
heart. Hippocrates, knowing and (kilful as he was, once 
midook a fraChire of the flaill for the natural future, and 
was afterwards fo ingenuous as to confefs his midake, and 
even to leave it upon record. “ This,” fays Cel (us, “ was 
aCting like a truly great man. Little geniufes, confeious 
to themfelves that they have nothing to (pare, cannot 
bear the lead diminution of their prerogative, nor differ 
themfelves to depart from any opinion which they liave- 
once embraced, how falfe and pernicious foever that opi¬ 
nion may he ; while the man of reaLability is always ready 
to make a frank acknowledgement of his errors, and efpe- 
cially in a profellion where it is of importance to poderity 
to record the truth.^ Boerhaave tells us, that Celfus is 
one of the bed authors of antiquity, for letting us into the 
true meaning of Hippocrates ; and, that without him, the 
writings of this father in phyfic would he often unintelligi¬ 
ble, often mifonderdood by us. Dr. Mead alfo fpeaks of 
him in the higheff terms; fays, that he endeavours to 
imitate not only his fenfe, but, as often as he can, his 
language too ; andwifhes that he could have done it of- 
tener. The books de Medicina have been often printed : 
the bed edition is fuppoleu to be that of Leyden, 1730, in 
two vols. 8vo. 
CEL'TAE, or Celjes, an ancient nation, by which 
mod of the countries of Europe are thought to have been 
peopled. The compilers of the Univerfal Hidory are of 
opinion that they are defeended from Gomer the elded fon 
of Japhef, the fon of Noah. They think that Gomer fet¬ 
tled in the province of Phrygia in Ada :• Afhkenaz his 
etdell fon, or Togarmah his younged, or both, in Arme¬ 
nia; and Riphath the fecond fon in Cappadocia. When 
they fpread themfelves wider, they feemed to have moved 
regularly in columns without interfering with, or diffurb- 
ing, their neighbours. The defeendants of Gomer, or 
the Celts, took the left hand, infallibly fpreading them- 
felves wefiward, towards Poland, Hungary, Germany, 
France, and Spain ; while the defeendants ot Magog, Co¬ 
mer’s brother, moving ealtward, peopled Taitary. In 
this large European tra'iff, the Celtes began to appear a- 
powerful nation under a regular monarchy, or rather un¬ 
der feveral confiderable kingdoms. Mention is made of 
them indeed in fo many parts of Europe, by ancient geo¬ 
graphers and hidorians, that Ortelius-took Celtica to be ;t 
general name for the continent of Europe, and made a. 
map of it bearing this title. I11 thofe parts of Afia which 
they polfeffed, as well as in the different parts of Europe, 
the Celtes went by various names. In Leffer Afia they 
were known by the names of Titans and Sacks-, in the- 
northern parts of Europe,, by thofe of Cymmcrians, Cymbri — 
ans, 8c c. and in the fouthern parts they were called Celtes, 
Gauls, or Galatians. In after-times the name Celta came to- 
be more particularly applied to that part of the Gauls, 
whole country,called Gallia Celtica, wasfituate between the 
rivers Sequana and Carumna, inodernly called' the Seine 
and the Garonne. Mr. Bryant feems to (hew, that the 
Celtaa-.Iprung from Celtus, the fon of Polyphemus; and 
hence that they were of Cyclopian original, and of the 
Anakim race. The promontory which bore the name of 
Celticum, is now called Cape Finijhrre. 
With refpedt to the government of the Celtes, we are 
entirely in the dark. All we know is, that the curates,, 
and afterwards.druids and hards, were the interpr. ters'of 
their laws; judged all cattles, whether criminal or civil; 
and their fentence was reckoned fo facred, that whoever 
refilled to abide by. it; was by them excluded from afliit- 
ing at their facred rites; after which no, man dared con- 
verfe with him ; fo that this puniffiment was reckoned 
feverer than death itfelf. They neither reared temples 
nor ftatues to the Deity, but deffroyed them wherever 
they could find them, planting-in their ffead large fpa- 
cious groves, which, being open on the top and (ides, 
W'ere, in their opinion, more acceptable to the Divine Be¬ 
ing, who is absolutely uncofifined.. In this their religion 
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