C H A 
15. Cft'afadrius Bilobus, the wattled plover; about 
the flze of the golden plover; length nine inches and a 
half. The bill is yellow; on the forehead is a naked 
bare (kin, hanging down in a pointed flap on each tide 
of the jaw; crown of the head black; through the eye 
runs a white ftreak ; the neck and upper parts of the bo¬ 
dy yellowifli grey, deeped on the back; the under parts, 
from the bread:, white; acrofs the greater wing coverts a 
band of white; quills black; the tail is eroded with a black 
bar at the end; legs pale yellow. Found on the coad of 
Malabar. 
26. Charadrius Melanocephalus, the black-headed 
plover; length feven inches; bill black, and one inch 
long; the top of the head, taking in the eyes, is black; 
the forehead yellowith, pafling over each eye in a broad 
flreak; the hind part of the neck and back are black ; the 
wings, rump, and tail, greyifli alh-colour; the quills 
black, mottled with white on the outer part of the wing : 
all the tail feathers except the two middle ones are mark¬ 
ed with black near the ends ; the tips white; the under 
part of the body pale rufous, deeped on the bread, 
where it is mottled with tranfverfe dulky markings; legs 
cinereous grey. Native place not known. 
27. Charadrius Lacflaea, the cream-coloured plover; 
length ten inches ; bill three quarters of an inch, (len¬ 
der, and bent at the tip; plumage in general cream-co¬ 
lour, paled beneath ; behind the eyes a patch of black ; 
through them runs a pale dreak, pafling to the hind 
head, and dividing the black; tail marked with black 
near the tip; legs yellowifli white. This fpecies is very 
rare; one was killed in France, and another was (hot in 
England, near St. Alban's in Herts, which had a curved 
bill. Tliefe wereobferved to run very fwiftly, and were 
remarkably tame. 
28. Charadrius Coromandelenfis, the Coromandel plo¬ 
ver; flze of the preceding; top of the head, and fore 
parts, as far as the bread, reddilh chefnut; behind the 
eye a white dreak, and through the eye a black one, 
pafling to the hind head, the white entering a little way 
into the black; upper part of the neck, the back, wings, 
and tail, brown; belly dufky; upper tail coverts, and 
tip of the tail, white; quills black; legs yellowifli white. 
Native of the coad of Coromandel. Tliefe two lad dif¬ 
fer much from the plovers in the fliape of the bill; but 
have fo great an affinity to them on account of the toes, 
which are only three in number, and all placed forward, 
that they cannot with propriety be ranked in any other 
genus. 
29. Charadrius Indicus, the Indian plover; nearly the 
flze of a lark; length fix inches; bill nine lines long, and 
blackifli; the upper part of the body is brown ; the un¬ 
der, dufky white; on the bread are two tranfverfe brown 
bands; the prime quills brown, the fecondaries dulky; 
tail feathers white at the bafe, the red of their length 
brown; wings and tail of equal length when doled; legs 
black. Inhabits the Ead Indies. 
30. Charadrius CEdicnemus, the thick-kneed plover; 
a large fpecies, from fixteen to eighteen inches in 
length ; bill almofl two inches long ; yellow at the bafe, 
and black towards the tip; eyes large; irides and eyelids 
pale yellow; the head is of a faffron colour; the neck, 
and upper parts of the body, are of a pale tawny brown, 
with a dafh of blackifli down the (haft; the under parts 
much the fame, but very pale, except the-belly, thighs, 
and vent, the feathers of which are of a pale yellowifli 
white; above and beneath the eye is a pale band, and 
another on the wing coverts parallel to the edge; the tail 
is coynpofed of twelve feathers; the fix middle ones band¬ 
ed with brown; the three outer ones on each fide white, 
barred with dufky; all but the two middle ones marked 
more or lefs at the end with black ; legs yellow ; knees 
very thick, as if lwelled; the outer toe united to the 
middle as far as the firfl joint. This bird is common to 
three parts of the globe, being found in Europe, Africa, 
and Afia; but not farther north than England, of which 
C H A r 07 
Norfolk, Hampfhire, and Lincolnfliire, feem the places 
mod frequented by it. It is alfo teen in fome parts of 
Kent, frequenting the rifing Hopes and hills on each fide 
of the vale between Dartford and Farningham, efpecially 
the parts which are dony and dry; whence it is called 
the jflone curlew. It makes no nefl, but lays two or three 
cinereous white eggs, two inches and a quarter long, 
blotched with blackifli brown; tliefe it places on the bare 
ground, or in a fmall excavation of the earth, or fhelter- 
ed by a done, and fits thirty days. The cry of this bird 
is Angular, being an hoarfe kind of whifile three or four 
times repeated, and heard more than a mile; fomewhat 
refembling the creaking of a well-handle, or that [of a 
grinddone wanting greafe. This noile it makes in the 
evening and night only. Budon fays this bird is com¬ 
mon in feveral parts of France; and, if the fame with 
the Kervan of Haflelquid, it is found in Arabia. The 
Turks and Egyptians, he fays, keep it alive in cages for 
the fake of the noife, which to them is agreeable. He 
likewife adds, that it is ufeful in deflroying mice, too 
common in Paledine; with us it is fuppol'ed to live on 
worms, caterpillars, toads, and frogs. It inhabits the 
Cape of Good Hope, and is alfo a native of Owhyhee. 
This bird is placed by Pennant and Latham in the ge¬ 
nus Otis, or budards; but by Linnaeus and Gmelin, 
among the plovers. 
CHARAG / , /. the tribute which Chrifiians and Jews 
pay- to the grand fignior, or emperor of the Turks. It 
coniids of ten, twelve, or fifteen, francs per annum, ac¬ 
cording to the edate of the party. Men begin to pay it 
at nine or at fixteen years old ; women are dilpenfed with, 
as are alfo priefls, rabbins, and religious. 
CHARA'GIO, a town of the ifland of Corfica: two 
miles fouth of Cervione. 
CHA'RAIMS, a particular fe6t of the Jews in Egypt. 
They live by themfelves, and have a feparate fynagogue. 
Thefe are the ancient Ellenes. They dridtly obferve the 
five books of Mofes, according to the letter; and receive 
no written traditions. 
CHARAMOKOTAN', one of the final: Kuruleiflands, 
in the Northern Pacific Ocean. Lat. 49. 50. N. Ion. 172. 
40. E. Ferro. 
CHARAN'CY, a town of France, in the department 
of the Mofelle, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- 
trict of Longw'y : three leagues and a half wed-fouth- 
wefl of Longwy. 
CHARAN'TIA, / in botany, See Momordica. 
CIIA'RAS (Mo(es), a (kiltul apothecary, born at 
Ufez, follow'ed his profeflion at Orange, from whence 
he went and fettled at Paris. Having obtained a confi- 
derable (hare of reputation by hisTreatife on the Virtues 
and Properties of Treacle, he was chofen to deliver a 
courfe of chemiflry at the royal botanical garden at Pa¬ 
ris, in which he acquitted himfelf with general applaufe 
during nine years. His Pharmacopoeia, 1653, a vols. 
4to. was the fruit of his lectures and his dudies. It has 
been mandated into all the languages of Europe, and 
even into the Chinefe, for the accommodation of the em¬ 
peror. The edidts againd the Calvinids obliged him to 
quit his country in 1680. He w'ent to England, from, 
thence to Holland, and afterwards into Spain with the 
ambaflador, who took him to the aflidance of his maker 
Charles II. then languifliing in ficknefs. Every good 
Spaniard was at that time convinced, that the vipers for 
twelve leagues round Toledo were innoxious, ever fince 
they were deprived of their venom by the fiat of a famous 
archbilhop. The French doctor let himfelf to combat 
this error. The phyficians of the court, envious of the 
merit of Charas, failed not to take advantage of this im¬ 
piety : they complained of him to the inquifition, fr.om 
whence he was not difmifled till he abjured the proteflant 
faith. Charas was then leventy-two years old. He re¬ 
turned to Paris, was admitted of the academy of fciences, 
and died in 1698, aged 80. 
CHA'RASM, or Kharasm, a country of Afia, bor¬ 
dered. 
