i\2 CHE 
Auftria, Carnlola, Denmark, Virginia,; and on the coafts 
of Britain, frequently within reach of the fpray of the 
fea, as in Norfolk, Suffolk about Dunwich, &c. Lan- 
cafhire, Ille of Wight, Kent, Effex, Wales and Scotland. 
Flowers from June to Auguft. 
3. Chelidonium corniculatum, red celandine, or horn¬ 
ed poppy: peduncles one-flowered; leaves feffile, pin- 
natifid; ftem hifpid. This fpecies grows in Hungary, 
Bohemia, Moravia, Auffria, about Montpellier, Pied¬ 
mont, Spain. In England, firft obferved by Mr. Stil- 
lingfleet, in the Tandy corn-fields of Norfolk. Annual; 
flowering in July and Augult. 
4. Chelidonium hybridum, violet celandine, or horned 
poppy : peduncles one-flowered; leaves pinnatifid linear; 
item gloliy: flliques three valved. Stem eredt, a foot 
high, branched, cylindric, Ihvoothifli, having a few ex¬ 
panded briftles. Found in the fouthern countries of 
Burope; in fandy corn-fields between Swaffham and 
Burwell in Cambridgelhire and in Norfolk. Annual, 
flowering in July and Auguft. 
5. Chelidonium Japonicum: peduncles one-flowered; 
leaves petioled, pinnated, ovate. Native of Japan. 
Propagation and Culture. If the feeds of the four firft 
fpecies be permitted to fcatter, the ground will beplenti- 
fully ltored with plants. If a few of them be thrown about 
in rock-work, they will come up without trouble, and have 
a good effedt. Seeds fown in the autumn will grow with 
more certainty than in the fpring, and come earlier to flow¬ 
er: they fliould be fown where the plants are to remain, and 
will require no care but to thin them where they are too 
clofe, and to keep them clean from weeds. There is a 
variety of the firft fort with double flowers, which gene¬ 
rally rifes the fame from feeds; and may alfo be prelerved 
by parting the roots. See Bocconia. 
CHELlDO'NIUM MAJUS, /. in botany. See San¬ 
guinary a. 
CHELlDO'NIUM MINUS, / in botany. See Ra¬ 
nunculus Ficaria. 
CHELIDO'NIUS,/. [froma fvvallow.J Aftone 
faid by the ancients to be found in the ftomachs of 
young lwallows, and greatly praifed for its virtues in 
the falling ficknefs; but it appears to be only a fpecies 
of lycodontes, or bufonitse; which fee. 
CHEL'LES, a town of France, in the department of the 
Seine and Marne; four leaguesweft-fouth-weftofMeaux. 
CHELM, a town of Poland, in Red Ruflia, and capi¬ 
tal of a palatinate to which it gives name; the fee of a 
Roman bifhop, fuffragan of Lemburg, and a Greek bi- 
fliop, fuffragan of Kiov. It is very much gone to decay ; 
the palatinate is now partly fubjedt to Ruflia and partly to 
Auftria. On the 8th of June, 1794, the PoLes were defeat¬ 
ed by the Pruftians, near this town: 108 miles fouth-eaft 
of Warfaw, and 396 eaft of Breflaw. 
CHEL'MER, a river of England, which runs into the 
fea, a little below Malden. 
CHEL'MER,/. [corruptly for kill mar, Brit.] The re¬ 
flux of the fea. 
CHELMIE'Z, a town of Lithuania, in the palatinate 
of Mintk : fifty miles eaft of Mozyr. 
CHELMS'FORD, the county town of Effex, fituated 
nearly in the centre of the county, with roads exceeding 
good, the foil fertile, and the air temperate. It is not, 
as has been defcribed, a flat heavy country, but agreea¬ 
bly diverfified with lawns and eminences, and plentifully 
fupplied with the pureft water: under thefe advantages, 
it is naturally populous, and refpedtably inhabited. 
The town (lands at the confluence of two rivers, the 
Chelmer, and the Cann ; from the former of which it de¬ 
rived its name. In fome places, Doomfday-book has it 
Celmeresfort; in others, Celmeresford, and Chelmsford : 
however it is evidently a contraction of Chelmer’s-Ford, 
all carriages, cattle, Sec'. being under the neceflity of 
fording this river before bridges were thrown over it.— 
Chelmsford, being the capital of the county, carries on a 
CHE 
conflderable fliare of bufinefs; it is diftant from Colches¬ 
ter twenty-two miles, and twenty-nine from London. 
The town conlifts of four principal llreets, regular, and 
well-built. The fliire-hall, which has been lately erect¬ 
ed, is a magnificent edifice : it contains two hand fome 
roomy courts, finifhed in the moft convenient and ele¬ 
gant manner; many large and uleful rooms for the pur- 
pofes of tranladling the bufinefs of the county; and in 
front, which is of ftone, there is a capital public room; 
the length of the whole building is eighty-four feet; 
it is decorated with four (lately pillars of the Ionic order, 
between each of which there is a handfome window, and 
above the windows are three emblematical figures repre- 
lenting Juftice, Wildom, and Mercy. Tins beautiful 
edifice was built by Mr. John fori, the county furveyor; 
the execution does great credit to his abilities as an 
architect; and will be a lading monument of the fade 
and fpirit of the magillrates of the opulent county of 
Effex. On the left of this building is' feen the tower, 
fpire, and chief part, of the church; which venerable 
ftrudture terminates this elegant piece of perfpedtive. In 
an open lpace adjoining to the thire-hall, ftands a con¬ 
duit. When it was firft erected is uncertain, as it bears 
no date: but it was beautified by the noble family of 
the Fitzwalters. It is of a quadrangular form, about fif¬ 
teen feet high, built with ftone and brick; it has four 
pipes, one on each fide, from which the waters are perpe¬ 
tually flowing. The following infeription is on the fide 
that fronts the part from whence the fpring rifes:—“ This 
conduit in one minute runs one hogfhead and a half and 
four gallons and a half; in one day, 2262 hogfheads and 
fifty-four gallons ; in one month, 63360 hogfheads; and in 
oneyear, 82 5942 hogllieads and fifty-four gallons.”—Low¬ 
er down, in fourfinall tables, are the following inferiptions s 
“ Benignus benignis." —Bountiful to the bounteous. 
“ Nec parousparcis." —Liberal to the covetous. 
(, Nec diminutui largiendo." —Not diminifhed by be¬ 
llowing. 
“ Sic charitas a deo fonte .”—Thus charity from the 
heavenly fountain. 
Two hundred pounds were given by Sir William 
Mildmay, bart. the intereft whereof to be applied to¬ 
wards keeping this conduit in repair. The fpring from 
which it is fupplied rifes about a quarter of a mile from 
the town, and is called Burges’s well. 
This town is conflderable in many refpedts. It is cho- 
fen for the tranfadlion of all the public bufinefs of the 
county. The aflizes, general quarter feflions, petty fefi- 
fions, county courts, See. are held here. Here likewile 
are made the eledtions for the knights of the (hire, and 
here ftands the county-prilon, which wasrebuilt of ftone 
in 1777, and is one of the finelt gaols in the kingdom. 
The great road from London to Colchefter, Harwich, 
Suffolk, and many parts of Norfolk, lies through this 
town. The church is a noble ftrudlure, fituated at the 
end of the town, and dedicated to St. Mary ; it has three 
fpacious aides, which run to the end of the chancel, and 
are leaded. A (lately lquare tower, built of ftone, ftands 
at the weft end, with proper pyramids on each corner; 
upon it is eredled a fpire, which has a pretty effedt. The 
body of the church is fupported by pillars of alight con- 
ftrudlion, and excellent workmanfhip; the windows are 
Gothic and curious. Here is a royal free grammar- 
fchool, founded by Edward VI. in 1552, and liberally 
endowed by that monarch; alio two charity fchools; one 
founded the 17th of Auguft, 1713, for fifty boys; the o- 
ther, in April, 1714, for twenty girls; both which are 
incorporated, and fupported by voluntary fubfeription. 
There are many feats of the nobility and gentry in the 
neighbourhood of Chelmsford, among which ftands the 
capital manfion-houfe of the ancient family of the Mild- 
mays, diftinguifhed by the name of Moulfham-hall. It 
is delightfully placed on an eafy afeent, about a quarter 
of a mile on the eaft fide of the town. It was rebuilt by 
the 
