c h : 
As to the value -of the different pieces; next to the 
king, is the queen; after her, the rooks; then the bi- 
fliops ; and lalt of the dignified pieces, comes the knight. 
The difference of the worth of pawns is not fo great as 
that of noblemen; only it muff be obferved, that the 
king’s bifhop’s pawn is the belt in the field; and there¬ 
fore the fkilful gamefter will be careful of him. It ought 
alfo to be obferved, that, whereas, any man may be taken, 
when he falls within the reach of any of the adverfary’s 
pieces ; it is otherwife with the king, who, in fucli a cafe, 
is only to be laluted with the word check , warning him 
of his danger, out of which it is abfolutely necefl'ary that 
he move ; and, if it fo happens that he cannot move with¬ 
out expofinghimfelf to the like inconveniency, it is check¬ 
mate, and th$ game is loft. The rules of the game are as 
follow: 
i. In order to beginJHie game, the pawns muff be moved 
before the pieces, and afterwards the pieces mult be brought 
out to fupport the pawns. The kings', queens’, and bi- 
fhops’, pawns (hould be moved firlt, that the game may 
be well opened. The pieces mult not be played out early 
in the game, becaufe the player may thereby lofe his 
move; but, above all, the game {hould be well arranged 
before the queen is played out. Ufelefs checks {hould 
alfo be avoided, unlefs fome advantage is to be gained 
by them, becaufe the move may be loft, if the adverfary 
can,either take or drive the piece away. z. If the game 
is crowded, the player will meet with obftrudtions in 
moving his pieces; for which reafon he {hould exchange 
pieces or pawns, and caltle his king as foon as it is con¬ 
venient, endeavouring at the fame time to crowd the ad¬ 
verfary’s game, which may be done by attacking his 
pieces with the pawns, if the adverfary {hould move his 
pieces out too foon. To caltle the'king, is to cover the 
king with a caftle; this is done by a certain move which 
each player has a right to, whenever he thinks proper. 
3. The men {hould be fo guarded by one another, that, 
if a man {hould be loft, the player may have it in his 
power to take one of the adverfary’s in return; and if he 
can take a fuperior piece, in lieu of that which he lofes, 
it would be an advantage, and diftrefs the adverfary. 
4. The adverfary’s king {hould never be attacked with¬ 
out a force fufficient; and if the player's king {hould be 
attacked without having it in his power to attack the ad¬ 
verfary’s, he {hould offer to make an exchange of pieces, 
which may caufethe adverfary to lofe a move. 5. The board 
{hould be looked over with great attention, and the men 
reconnoitered, fo as to be aware of any broke that the 
adverfary might attempt in confequence of his laft move. 
If,by coun ti ngas many moves forward as pollible, the player 
has a profpedl of fuccefs, he {hould not fail doing it, and 
even facrince a piece or two to accomplilh his end. 6. No 
man {hould be played till the board is thoroughly examin¬ 
ed, that the player may defend himfelf againft any move 
the adverfary may have in view; neither {hould the at¬ 
tack be made till the confequences of the adverfary’s next 
move are confidered ; and when an attack may with fafety 
be made, it {hould be purfued without catching at any 
bait that might be thrown out, in order for the adverfary 
to gain a move, and thereby caufe the defign to mifcarry. 
7. The queen {hould never ftand in fuch a manner before 
the king, that the adverfary, by bringing a rook, or a bi- 
{hop, could check the king if flie were not there; as it 
might be thelofs of the queen. 8. The adverfary’s knight 
{hould never he fuff'ered to check the king and queen, or 
king and rook, or queen and rook, or the two rooks, at 
the fame time ; efpecially if the knight is properly guard¬ 
ed ; becaufe, in the two firft cafes, the king being forced 
to go out of check, the queen, or the rook, muff be loft; 
.and, in the two laft cafes, a rook muft be loft, at leaft, for 
a worfe piece. 9. The player (hould take care, that no 
guarded pawn of the adverfary’s fork two of his pieces. 
10. As loon as the*kings have caftled on different lides 
of the board, the pawns on that fid« of the board (hould 
be advanced upon the adverfary’s king, and the pieces, 
Vol. IV. No. 207. 
L S S. 413 
efpecially the queen and rook, (hould be brought to fup¬ 
port them ; and the three pawns belonging to the king 
that is caftled, muft not be moved. 11. The more moves 
a player can have, as it were in ambufcade, the better; 
that is to fay, the queen, biftiop, or rook, is to be placed 
behind a pawn, or piece, in fuch a pofition as that, upo^r 
playing that pawn, or piece, a check is difcovered upon 
the adverfary’s king, by which means a piece of fome 
advantage is often gained, iz. An inferior piece (hould 
never be guarded with a fuperior, when a pawn would 
anfwer the fame purpofe; for this real'on, the fuperior 
piece may remain out at play; neither (hould a pawn be 
guarded with a piece, w r hen a pawn would do as well. 
13. A well-fupported pawn, that is pafled, often cofts 
the adverfary a piece; and when a pawn, or any other 
advantage, is gained without endangering the loft of the 
mova, the player {hould make as frequent exchanges of 
pieces as he can. The advantage of a paffed pawn is 
this; if the player and his adverfary have each three 
pawns upon the board, and no piece, and the player has 
one of his pawns on one fide of the board, and the other 
two on the other fide, and the adverfary’s three pawns 
are oppofite to the player’s two pawns, he (hould march 
with his king as foon as he can, and take the adverfary’s 
pawns: if the adverfary goes with his king to' fuppoft 
them, the playeri{hould go to the queen with his finglo 
pawns: and then, if the adverfary goes to hinder liim, 
he {hould take the adverfary’s pawns, and move the others 
to queen. To queen, is to make a queen; that is, t® 
move a pawn into the adverfary's back row, which is the 
rule at this game, when the original one is loft. 14. Whe.n 
the game is near finiftied, each party having only three 
or four pawns on each fide of the board, the king muft 
endeavour to gain the move in order to win the game. 
For inftance, when the player brings his king oppofite to 
the adverfary’s, with only one fquare between, he will 
gain the move. 15. If the adverfary has his king and 
one pawn on the board, and the player has only his king, 
he cannot lofe the game, provided he brings bis king op¬ 
pofite to the adverfary’s, when the adverfary is direftly 
before or on one fide of his pawn, and there is only one 
fquare between the kings. 16. If the adverfary has a bi- 
{hop, and one pawn, on the rook’s line, and this l*i(hop 
is not of the colour that commands the corner fquare 
the pawn is going to, and the player has only his king, 
if he can get into that corner, he cannot loft; but, on 
the contrary, may win by a flak, which is, when the king 
is blocked up fo as to have no move at all. 17. If the 
player has greatly the difadvantage of the game, having- 
only his queen left in play, and his king happens to be 
in a pofition to win, as above-mentioned, he (hould keep 
giving check to the adverfary’s king, always taking care 
not to check him, where he can interpofe any of his 
pieces that make the ficde ; by fo doing he will at laft 
force the adverfary to take his queen, and then he will 
win the game by being in a ftale-mate. 18. The player 
(hould never cover a check with a piece that a pawn 
puffed upon it may take, for fear of getting only the 
pawn in exchange for the piece. 19. A player {hould 
never crowd his adverfary up with pieces, for fear of giv¬ 
ing a ftale-mate inadvertently; but always {hould leave 
room for his king to move. 
Though this game {hould ever be played with the ut- 
moft degree of forefigbt and caution, yet it is necefl'ary 
to warn a player againft playing a timid game. He 
{hould never be too much afraid of lofing a rook for an 
inferior piece ; becaufe, although a rook is a better piece 
than any other, except the queen, it feldom comes into 
play to be of any great ufe till the end of the game ; for 
which reafon it is often better to have an inferior piece 
in play, than a fuperior one to ftand (till, or moving to no 
great purpofe. If a piece is moved, and is immediately 
drove away by a pawn, it may be reckoned a bad move, 
becaufe the adverfary gains a double advantage over the 
player, in advancing at the fame time the other is made 
5 N t® 
